Animal Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Advances and Metabolic Regulators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Animal Models of Experimental ROP
2.1. The Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy
2.1.1. Development of Mouse Retinal Vasculature Occurs Postnatally
2.1.2. The Neonatal Mouse Model of OIR with Consistent High Oxygen Exposure
2.2. The Rat Model of OIR with Cycling Oxygen Treatment
2.3. Hyperglycemia-Associated Murine Models of ROP
2.4. Early Feline and Canine Models of OIR
2.5. The Zebrafish Model of Hypoxia-Induced Retinopathy
Species | Standardized Experiment Protocol | ROP-like Features | Advantages | Limitation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mouse OIR model | Two-phase model. Phase 1: From P7–P12, 75% ± 2% oxygen for five days. Phase 2: Normal room air exposure from P12–P17. | VO phase: Regression of blood vessels in central retinas from P8–P12 under hyperoxic conditions. NV Phase: Ischemia and hypoxia-induced uncontrolled compensatory pathological NV in mid-peripheral retina from P14–P17. |
|
| [28,54,100] |
Rat OIR model | Two-phase model. Phase 1: From P1–P14, oxygen levels alternate be-tween 50% and 10% every 24 h. Phase 2: Normal room air exposure from P14–P20. | VO phase: Vessel loss and delayed vascular development in peripheral retinas under hyperoxic conditions from P1–P14. NV Phase: Peripheral retinal ischemia and hypoxia stimulates pathological NV starting at P18. |
|
| [27,74] |
Neonatal hyperglycemia associated murine models of ROP | One-phase rat model. By administering a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at P1 in rat model. | Hyperglycemia induction from P2/3–P6 Vascular features: Delayed development of superficial retinal vasculature at P6 under hyperglycemic conditions. |
|
| [32] |
One-phase mice model. Administration of STZ from P1–P9 in mice. | Hyperglycemia induction from P8–P10 Vascular features: Delayed development of deep retinal vascular layer at P10 under hyperglycemic conditions. |
|
| [33,101] | |
Zebrafish model of hypoxia-induced retinopathy | By keeping zebrafish in 10% oxygen tank from 3–15 (max) days. | Higher density of vascular sprouts in optic capillary plexus in the hypoxia model. |
|
| [38] |
Feline OIR model | Two-phase model. Phase 1: From P3–P7, 70–80% oxygen for a minimum of 1–4 days. Phase 2: Returned to normal air with 21% oxygen from P3–P80. | VO phase: complete or partial obliteration of retinal vessels in the VO phase. NV phase: revascularization with intravitreal NV. |
|
| [39,102] |
Canine OIR model | Two-phase model. Phase 1: 95% to 100% oxygen for 4 days. Phase 2: Returned to room air until P22–P45. | Peripheral VO and NV. Presence of retinal detachment. |
|
| [40,103] |
2.6. Automated Analysis and Quantification of OIR Vascular Features
3. Metabolic Regulators Influencing OIR
3.1. Hypoxia, Hypoxia-Induced Growth Factors and VEGF
3.2. Lipid Metabolism and Modulation: Fatty Acid Oxidation, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Sphingolipids
3.3. Emerging Role of Amino Acid Metabolism in Angiogenesis and Retinopathy
4. Summary and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maurya, M.; Liu, C.-H.; Bora, K.; Kushwah, N.; Pavlovich, M.C.; Wang, Z.; Chen, J. Animal Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Advances and Metabolic Regulators. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091937
Maurya M, Liu C-H, Bora K, Kushwah N, Pavlovich MC, Wang Z, Chen J. Animal Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Advances and Metabolic Regulators. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091937
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaurya, Meenakshi, Chi-Hsiu Liu, Kiran Bora, Neetu Kushwah, Madeline C. Pavlovich, Zhongxiao Wang, and Jing Chen. 2024. "Animal Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Advances and Metabolic Regulators" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091937