Toxicological Assessment of Biodegradable Poli-ε-Caprolactone Polymer Composite Materials Containing Hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, and Chitosan as Potential Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration Scaffolds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biomaterials
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Production of PCL Composite Materials
2.1.3. Preparation of PCL Powder with Added Hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, and Chitosan
2.1.4. X-ray Diffraction Studies
2.1.5. Calorimetric Studies
2.1.6. Surface Area Studies
2.1.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Biomaterials
2.1.8. Radiation Sterilization
2.2. Toxicological Examination
2.2.1. Preparation of Extracts for Elution Test
2.2.2. Cell Culture
2.2.3. MTT Assay
2.2.4. XTT Assay
2.2.5. Scratch Assay
2.2.6. Flow Cytometry
2.2.7. Fluorescence Microscopy
2.2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Biomaterials Populated by Cells
2.2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biomaterial Analysis
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.1.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.1.3. BET
3.1.4. Initial Sample Assessment with SEM
3.1.5. Elemental Analysis
3.2. Impact of Biomaterials on MG-63 Cells
3.2.1. Morphology of Cells
3.2.2. Viability of MG-63 Cells
3.2.3. Proliferation and Migration of Cells
3.2.4. Cell Cycle Analysis
3.2.5. Live/Dead Cells Visualized on Composite Materials
3.2.6. Adherence of Cells to Composite Materials
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skubis-Sikora, A.; Hudecki, A.; Sikora, B.; Wieczorek, P.; Hermyt, M.; Hreczka, M.; Likus, W.; Markowski, J.; Siemianowicz, K.; Kolano-Burian, A.; et al. Toxicological Assessment of Biodegradable Poli-ε-Caprolactone Polymer Composite Materials Containing Hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, and Chitosan as Potential Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration Scaffolds. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091949
Skubis-Sikora A, Hudecki A, Sikora B, Wieczorek P, Hermyt M, Hreczka M, Likus W, Markowski J, Siemianowicz K, Kolano-Burian A, et al. Toxicological Assessment of Biodegradable Poli-ε-Caprolactone Polymer Composite Materials Containing Hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, and Chitosan as Potential Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration Scaffolds. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091949
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkubis-Sikora, Aleksandra, Andrzej Hudecki, Bartosz Sikora, Patrycja Wieczorek, Mateusz Hermyt, Marek Hreczka, Wirginia Likus, Jarosław Markowski, Krzysztof Siemianowicz, Aleksandra Kolano-Burian, and et al. 2024. "Toxicological Assessment of Biodegradable Poli-ε-Caprolactone Polymer Composite Materials Containing Hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, and Chitosan as Potential Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration Scaffolds" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091949