Aristolochia trilobata: Identification of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Animals
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Drugs and Treatments
2.4. Formalin-Induced Licking Behavior
2.5. Thermal Nociception Model (Hot-Plate)
2.6. Evaluation of the Possible Mechanisms of Antinociception of A. Trilobata EO and Sulcatyl Acetate
2.7. Carrageenan-Induced Leukocyte Migration into the Subcutaneous Air Pouch (SAP)
2.8. Cell Culture
2.9. Cell Viability Assay
2.10. Quantification of TNF-α and IL-1β
2.11. Nitrate and Nitrite Measurement
2.12. Detection of Enzymes Expression
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antinociceptive Effect
3.1.1. Formalin-Induced Licking Behavior
3.1.2. Hot-Plate Model
3.1.3. Mechanism of Antinociceptive Action
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Effect
3.2.1. Leukocyte Migration
3.2.2. Protein Extravasation
3.2.3. Nitric Oxide Production
3.2.4. Cytokine Production
3.2.5. In Vitro Cell Viability and Nitric Oxide Production
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Salomé, D.d.C.; Cordeiro, N.d.M.; Valério, T.S.; Santos, D.d.A.; Alves, P.B.; Alviano, C.S.; Moreno, D.S.A.; Fernandes, P.D. Aristolochia trilobata: Identification of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050111
Salomé DdC, Cordeiro NdM, Valério TS, Santos DdA, Alves PB, Alviano CS, Moreno DSA, Fernandes PD. Aristolochia trilobata: Identification of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(5):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050111
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalomé, Dayana da Costa, Natália de Morais Cordeiro, Tayná Sequeira Valério, Darlisson de Alexandria Santos, Péricles Barreto Alves, Celuta Sales Alviano, Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno, and Patricia Dias Fernandes. 2020. "Aristolochia trilobata: Identification of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects" Biomedicines 8, no. 5: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050111