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Volume 9
Issue 12
10.3390/biomedicines9121801
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Review

Ultrasound Technologies and the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis

by
Dragoș Cătălin Jianu
1,2,3,4,
Silviana Nina Jianu
5,
Traian Flavius Dan
1,2,3,*,
Georgiana Munteanu
1,2,3,*,
Claudiu Dumitru Bîrdac
2,3,
Andrei Gheorghe Marius Motoc
2,6,
Any Docu Axelerad
2,7,
Ligia Petrica
2,4,8 and
Anca Elena Gogu
1,2,3
1
Department of Neurosciences-Division of Neurology, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
2
Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (NeuroPsy-Cog), Department of Neurosciences, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
3
First Department of Neurology, Pius Brânzeu Emergency County Hospital, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
4
Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
5
Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Victor Popescu Military Emergency Hospital, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
6
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
7
Department of Neurology, General Medicine Faculty, Ovidius University, 900527 Constanța, Romania
8
Department of Internal Medicine II-Division of Nephrology, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2021, 9(12), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121801
Submission received: 27 October 2021 / Revised: 21 November 2021 / Accepted: 27 November 2021 / Published: 30 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
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Abstract

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a primary autoimmune vasculitis that specifically affects medium-sized extracranial arteries, like superficial temporal arteries (TAs). The most important data to be considered for the ultrasound (US) diagnosis of temporal arteritis are stenosis, acute occlusions and “dark halo” sign, which represent the edema of the vascular wall. The vessel wall thickening of large vessels in GCA can be recognized by the US, which has high sensitivity and is facile to use. Ocular complications of GCA are common and consist especially of anterior arterial ischemic optic neuropathies or central retinal artery occlusion with sudden, painless, and sharp loss of vision in the affected eye. Color Doppler imaging of the orbital vessels (showing low-end diastolic velocities and a high resistance index) is essential to quickly differentiate the mechanism of ocular involvement (arteritic versus non-arteritic), since the characteristics of TAs on US do not correspond with ocular involvement on GCA. GCA should be cured immediately with systemic corticosteroids to avoid further visual loss of the eyes.
Keywords: giant cell arteritis (GCA); “dark halo” sign; color Doppler imaging (CDI) of the orbital vessels giant cell arteritis (GCA); “dark halo” sign; color Doppler imaging (CDI) of the orbital vessels

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jianu, D.C.; Jianu, S.N.; Dan, T.F.; Munteanu, G.; Bîrdac, C.D.; Motoc, A.G.M.; Docu Axelerad, A.; Petrica, L.; Gogu, A.E. Ultrasound Technologies and the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121801

AMA Style

Jianu DC, Jianu SN, Dan TF, Munteanu G, Bîrdac CD, Motoc AGM, Docu Axelerad A, Petrica L, Gogu AE. Ultrasound Technologies and the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(12):1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121801

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianu, Dragoș Cătălin, Silviana Nina Jianu, Traian Flavius Dan, Georgiana Munteanu, Claudiu Dumitru Bîrdac, Andrei Gheorghe Marius Motoc, Any Docu Axelerad, Ligia Petrica, and Anca Elena Gogu. 2021. "Ultrasound Technologies and the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis" Biomedicines 9, no. 12: 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121801

APA Style

Jianu, D. C., Jianu, S. N., Dan, T. F., Munteanu, G., Bîrdac, C. D., Motoc, A. G. M., Docu Axelerad, A., Petrica, L., & Gogu, A. E. (2021). Ultrasound Technologies and the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis. Biomedicines, 9(12), 1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121801

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