Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Drugs
2.3. Experimental Protocol
2.4. Angiography
2.5. Superior Sagittal Sinus, Portal and Inferior Caval Vein, and Abdominal Aorta Pressure Recording
2.6. ECG Recording
2.7. Thrombus Assessment
2.8. Brain Volume and Vessels Presentation Proportional with the Change of the Brain or Vessel Surface Area
2.9. Presentation of Stomach, Duodenum, and Gastrointestinal Serosal Disturbances
2.10. Bilirubin and Enzyme Activity
2.11. Microscopy
2.12. Brain Histology
2.13. Lung Histology
2.14. Renal, Liver, and Heart Histology
2.15. Intestinal Histology
2.16. Oxidative Stress
2.17. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gross Gastrointestinal Lesions
3.2. Brain Swelling and Peripheral Vessel Failure Presentation and Counteraction
3.3. Portal and Caval Vein and Abdominal Aorta and Superior Sagittal Sinus Pressure Recording
3.4. Thrombosis
3.5. Angiography
3.6. ECG Recording
3.7. Enzymes
3.8. Microscopy
3.9. Stomach, Duodenum, and Intestinal Injury
3.10. Heart Damage
3.11. Lung Damage
3.12. Liver Damage
3.13. Renal Damage
3.14. Brain Damage
3.15. Oxidative Stress
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brain Area | Grading | Percent Area Affected | Morphological Changes |
---|---|---|---|
Cerebral and cerebellar cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus | 1 | ≤10 | Small, patchy, complete or incomplete infarcts |
2 | 20–30 | Partly confluent complete or incomplete infarcts | |
3 | 40–60 | Large confluent compete infarcts | |
4 | >75 | In cortex; total disintegration of the tissue, in hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus; large complete infarcts | |
Cerebral and cerebellar cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus | 1 | ≤20 | A few karyopyknotic of neuronal cells |
2 | 50 | Patchy areas of karyopyknotic areas | |
3 | 75 | More extensive of karyopyknotic areas | |
4 | 100 | Complete infarction |
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Knezevic, M.; Gojkovic, S.; Krezic, I.; Zizek, H.; Malekinusic, D.; Vrdoljak, B.; Vranes, H.; Knezevic, T.; Barisic, I.; Horvat Pavlov, K.; et al. Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060609
Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Vranes H, Knezevic T, Barisic I, Horvat Pavlov K, et al. Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(6):609. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060609
Chicago/Turabian StyleKnezevic, Mario, Slaven Gojkovic, Ivan Krezic, Helena Zizek, Dominik Malekinusic, Borna Vrdoljak, Hrvoje Vranes, Tamara Knezevic, Ivan Barisic, Katarina Horvat Pavlov, and et al. 2021. "Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension" Biomedicines 9, no. 6: 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060609