Circulating Tumor Cells: Technologies and Their Clinical Potential in Cancer Metastasis
Abstract
:1. Circulating Tumor Cells in Cancer Metastasis
2. Technologies for Isolating CTCs
2.1. Antibody-Based Marker-Dependent Platforms
2.2. Secreted Proteins and Transcriptomic-Based Platforms
2.3. Physical Characteristic-Based Platforms
3. CTCs: Epithelial or More?
4. CTC Enumeration and Its Clinical Relevance
4.1. CTCs as an Independent Prognosticator
4.2. CTCs in Clinical Therapy
5. Growing CTCs Ex Vivo: The Next Frontier
6. Future of CTCs in Personalized Medicine
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paper | Platform Type | Cancer Type | CTC-Positivity Rate | Positivity Criteria |
---|---|---|---|---|
Racila et al., 1998 [10] | Antibody | Breast Prostate | 29/30 3/3 | ≥1 CTC ≥1 CTC |
Cristofanilli et al., 2004 [8] | Antibody | Breast | 108/177 | ≥2 CTC |
Cristofanilli et al., 2005 [15] | Antibody | Breast | 43/83 | ≥5 CTC |
De Bono et al., 2008 [11] | Antibody | Breast | 125/231 | ≥5 CTC |
Dawood et al., 2008 [16] | Antibody | Breast | 114/185 | ≥5 CTC |
Cohen et al., 2008 [17] | Antibody | Colorectal | 111/430 | ≥3 CTC |
Scher et al., 2009 [18] | Antibody | Prostate | 85/156 | ≥5 CTC |
Tan et al., 2010 [19] | Size Exclusion | Lung | 5/5 | ≥1 CTC |
Stott et al., 2010 [20] | Antibody | Prostate | 14/15 | ≥1 CTC |
Stott et al., 2010 [21] | Antibody | Prostate | 23/36 | ≥1 CTC |
Miller et al., 2010 [22] | Antibody | Breast Colorectal Prostate | 125/177 196/413 169/218 | ≥1 CTC ≥1 CTC ≥1 CTC |
Fehm et al., 2010 [23] | Antibody RNA expression | Breast | 122/245 90/229 | ≥5 CTC ≥1 Gene |
Krebs et al., 2011 [24] | Antibody | Lung | 39/107 | ≥2 CTC |
Armstrong et al., 2011 [25] | Antibody | Prostate Breast | 36/38 11/16 | ≥1 CTC ≥1 CTC |
Muller et al., 2012 [26] | Antibody | Breast | 116/221 | ≥5 CTC |
Pantel et al., 2012 [27] | Protein expression Antibody | Colorectal | 10/53 6/53 | ≥1 Protein ≥5 CTC |
Hou et al., 2012 [28] | Antibody | SCLC | 77/97 | ≥5 CTC |
Kasimir-Bauer et al., 2012 [29] | RNA expression | Breast | 97/502 | ≥1 Gene |
Strati et al., 2013 [30] | RNA expression | Breast | 42/254 | ≥1 Gene |
Hou et al., 2013 [31] | Size Exclusion | Lung | 20/20 | ≥1 CTC |
Aceto et al., 2014 [32] | Antibody | Breast | 54/79 | ≥1 CTC |
Ramirez et al., 2014 [33] | Protein expression Antibody | Breast | 115/194 122/254 | ≥1 Protein ≥1 CTC |
Qin et al., 2015 [34] | Size Exclusion Antibody | Prostate | 18/22 9/22 | ≥5 CTC ≥5 CTC |
Danila et al., 2016 [35] | RNA expression | Prostate | 34/55 | ≥1 Gene |
Chen et al., 2017 [36] | Cell Flow | Breast Lung | 4/4 9/9 | ≥1 CTC ≥1 CTC |
Zhang et al., 2018 [37] | Antibody | Ovarian | 98/109 | ≥2 CTC |
Cayrefourcq et al., 2019 [38] | Protein expression Antibody | Melanoma | 15/34 10/44 | ≥1 Protein ≥2 CTC |
Cristofanilli et al., 2019 [39] | Antibody | Breast | 911/1944 | ≥5 CTC |
Radovich et al., 2020 [40] | Antibody | Breast | 50/123 | ≥5 CTC |
Fu et al., 2021 [41] | Antibody | Bladder | ?/48 | ≥1 CTC |
Hendricks et al., 2021 [42] | Antibody RNA expression | Colorectal | 16/44 33/41 | ≥1 CTC ≥1 Gene |
Study | Study Population | Study Treatment | CTC Measurement | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nemunaitis et al., 2009 [92] | Advanced NSCLC | Belagenpumatucel-L | CTC enumeration every 4 weeks |
|
Riethdorf et al., 2010 [88] | Metastatic breast cancer | Neoadjuvant therapy | CTC enumeration |
|
Punnoose et al., 2012 [86] | Advanced NSCLC | Erlotinib + Pertuzumab | CTC enumeration, EGFR expression in CTCs, oncogenic mutations in CTCs |
|
Goldkorn et al., 2014 [91] | Metastatic castration-resistant Prostate Cancer | Docetaxel + Prednisone with or without Atrasentan | CTC Enumeration at baseline and day 21 post treatment |
|
Agelaki et al., 2015 [90] | Metastatic breast cancer + HER2-positive CTCs | Lapatinib | Immunofluorescent Microscopy stained for HER2/EGFR/Cytokeratin |
|
Ignatiadis et al., 2018 [46,93] | High risk, HER2 nonamplified, early breast cancer | Trastuzumab | CTC enumeration at baseline and week 18 |
|
Tan et al., 2018 [94] | Colorectal | Chemotherapy (broad) | CTC enumeration |
|
Bidard et al., 2021 [87] | Hormone receptor-positive, ERBB2-negative metastatic breast cancer | CTC count-driven vs. Clinician-driven first line therapy | CTC enumeration (chemotherapy if ≥5 CTCs, endocrine therapy otherwise) |
|
Bonvini et al., 2021 [85] | Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor | Entrectinib | Longitudinal CTC enumeration during treatment (up to 24 months post treatment) |
|
Sperger et al., 2021 [96] | Metastatic prostate cancer | Enzalutamide or abiraterone | CTC androgen-receptor (AR) gene expression |
|
Pang et al., 2021 [97] | Metastatic Breast Cancer | Surgery or Adjuvant Therapy | CTC enumeration |
|
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Xiao, J.; Pohlmann, P.R.; Isaacs, C.; Weinberg, B.A.; He, A.R.; Schlegel, R.; Agarwal, S. Circulating Tumor Cells: Technologies and Their Clinical Potential in Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091111
Xiao J, Pohlmann PR, Isaacs C, Weinberg BA, He AR, Schlegel R, Agarwal S. Circulating Tumor Cells: Technologies and Their Clinical Potential in Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091111
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Jerry, Paula R. Pohlmann, Claudine Isaacs, Benjamin A. Weinberg, Aiwu R. He, Richard Schlegel, and Seema Agarwal. 2021. "Circulating Tumor Cells: Technologies and Their Clinical Potential in Cancer Metastasis" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091111