The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Simulated Microgravity
2.2. Protein Production Analysis
2.3. Gene Expression Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cell Viability
3.2. Simulated Microgravity Effect on M0 (Non-Polarized) Macrophage Phenotype
3.2.1. M0 Protein Production and Secretion
3.2.2. M0 Gene Expression
3.3. Simulated Microgravity Effect on M1 (Pro-Inflammatory) Macrophage Phenotype
3.3.1. M1 Macrophage Protein Production and Secretion
3.3.2. M1 Macrophage Gene Expression
3.4. Simulated Microgravity Effect on M2 (Pro-Healing) Macrophage Phenotype
3.4.1. M2 Macrophage Protein Production and Secretion
3.4.2. M2 Macrophage Gene Expression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Symbol | Phenotype/Function | Rt-PCR Primer Sequence | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster of differentiation 86 | CD86 | M1 | Forward | 5′-ACGTATTGGAAGGAGATTACAGCT-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TCTGTCAGCGTTACTATCCCGC-3′ | |||
Mannose receptor C-type 1 | MRC1 | M2 | Forward | 5′-GTTCACCTGGAGTGATGGTTCTC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-AGGACATGCCAGGGTCACCTTT-3′ | |||
Arginase-1 | Arg1 | M2 | Forward | 5′-CATTGGCTTGCGAGACGTAGAC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-GCTGAAGGTCTCTTCCATCACC-3′ | |||
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α | HIF1α | Transcription Factor | Forward | 5′-CCTGCACTGAATCAAGAGGTTGC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-CCATCAGAAGGACTTGCTGGCT-3′ | |||
β-actin | ActB | Structure | Forward | 5′-CATTGCTGACAGGATGCAGAAGG-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TGCTGGAAGGTGGACAGTGAGG-3′ | |||
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | GAPDH | Housekeeping | Forward | 5′-CATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGACTG-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-ATGCCAGTGAGCTTCCCGTTCAG-3′ |
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Ludtka, C.; Moore, E.; Allen, J.B. The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091205
Ludtka C, Moore E, Allen JB. The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091205
Chicago/Turabian StyleLudtka, Christopher, Erika Moore, and Josephine B. Allen. 2021. "The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091205