The Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration Skills in 6- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Materials and Measures
2.3.1. Questionnaire Regarding Screen Habits and Other Daily Activities
2.3.2. Tactile Exploration Tasks
Three Objects Task in 6–18-Month- and 19–24-Month-Old Toddlers
The Cube Task in 6–18-Month, 19–24-Month, and 25–36-Month-Old Toddlers
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Screen Habits as Function of the Degree of Exposure and the Age Groups
3.2. Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration in 6- to 18-Month-Old Toddlers
3.3. Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration in 19- to 24-Month-Old Toddlers
3.4. Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration in 25- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers
3.5. Effect of Age Groups on Screen Habits and Tactile Exploration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measures | 6–18 Months | 19–24 Months | 25–36 Months | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR0 | GR1 | GR0 | GR1 | GR0 | GR1 | |
Direct screen exposure time (min/day) | - | 20 (17) | 8 (9) | 88 (43) | 14 (10) | 98 (66) |
Background exposure time (min/day) | 55 (14) | 180 (106) | 61 (17) | 237 (95) | 61 (23) | 185 (72) |
Total screen exposure time (min/day) | 58 (13) | 173 (115) | 75 (30) | 290 (126) | 77 (26) | 252 (82) |
Measures | Direct Screen Exposure Time | Background Exposure Time | Total Screen Exposure Time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR0 (N = 27) | GR1 (N = 13) | GR0 (N = 31) | GR1 (N = 9) | GR0 (N = 29) | GR1 (N = 11) | |
Three objects task | ||||||
Total exploration time | 72.93 (35.366) | 56.93 (43.005) | 63.81 (34.527) | 78.80 (48.830) | 64.83 (34.817) | 73.83 (46.993) |
Number of different strategies used | 3.70 (0.912) | 3.64 (1.336) | 3.77 (1.055) | 3.40 (1.075) | 3.72 (0.996) | 3.58 (1.240) |
Total number of strategies used | 12.44 (5.308) | 9.57 (4.957) | 11.23 (4.710) | 12.20 (7.115) | 11.14 (4.711) | 12.25 (6.717) |
Cube task | ||||||
Total exploration time | 34.93 (28.524) | 35.92 (28.652) | 36.77 (28.941) | 30.00 (26.377) | 36.66 (28.498) | 31.55 (28.398) |
Number of different faces explored | 2.67 (1.519) | 2.38 (1.121) | 2.55 (1.410) | 2.67 (1.414) | 2.62 (1.425) | 2.45 (1.368) |
Total number of faces explored | 4.00 (2.512) | 3.77 (1.922) | 4.16 (2.437) | 3.11 (1.691) | 4.21 (2.426) | 3.18 (1.888) |
Measures | Direct Screen Exposure Time | Background Exposure Time | Total Screen Exposure Time | Interactive Co-Viewing | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR0 (N = 26) | GR1 (N = 8) | GR0 (N = 23) | GR1 (N = 11) | GR0 (N = 23) | GR1 (N = 11) | GR0 (N = 23) | GR1 (N = 11) | |
Three objects task | ||||||||
Total exploration time | 73.24 (45.364) | 85.67 (65.662) | 75.87 (51.036) | 77.91 (52.506) | 73.27 (48.133) | 82.50 (56.880) | 78.95 (51.980) | 72.08 (50.267) |
Number of different strategies used | 2.80 (1.000) | 2.78 (1.202) | 2.65 (0.775) | 3.09 (1.466) | 2.64 (0.790) | 3.08 (1.379) | 2.82 (1.006) | 2.75 (1.138) |
Total number of strategies used | 7.76 (4.352) | 7.22 (3.456) | 7.22 (3.977) | 8.45 (4.390) | 7.00 (3.928) | 8.75 (4.309) | 7.36 (3.606) | 8.08 (4.999) |
Cube task | ||||||||
Total exploration time | 43.35 (28.700) | 61.25 (17.556) | 47.26 (28.881) | 48.18 (25.206) | 45.26 (28.403) | 52.36 (25.664) | 50.70 (28.938) | 41.00 (23.639) |
Number of different faces explored | 2.88 (1.608) | 3.50 (1.690) | 3.00 (1.624) | 3.09 (1.700) | 3.00 (1.567) | 3.09 (1.814) | 3.09 (1.649) | 2.91 (1.640) |
Total number of faces explored | 4.92 (3.084) | 6.38 (2.446) | 5.17 (3.157) | 5.45 (2.697) | 5.13 (3.079) | 5.55 (2.876) | 5.52 (3.146) | 4.73 (2.649) |
Measures | Direct Screen Exposure Time | Background Exposure Time | Total Screen Exposure Time | Interactive Co-Viewing | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GR0 (N = 44) | GR1 (N = 17) | GR0 (N = 42) | GR1 (N = 19) | GR0 (N = 40) | GR1 (N = 21) | GR0 (N = 26) | GR1 (N = 35) | |
Cube task | ||||||||
Total exploration time | 57.76 (29.487) | 68.44 (26.45) | 57.96 (31.509) | 66.87 (21.397) | 59.31 (31.536) | 63.45 (23.410) | 63.96 (27.281) | 58.34 (30.150) |
Number of different faces explored | 3.20 (1.440) | 3.88 (1.111) | 3.17 (1.447) | 3.89 (1.100) | 3.15 (1.477) | 3.86 (1.062) | 3.38 (1.499) | 3.40 (1.311) |
Total number of faces explored | 5.32 (3.079) | 6.24 (2.306) | 5.05 (4.154) | 6.74 (1.790) | 5.03 (3.190) | 6.62 (1.884) | 5.50 (2.929) | 5.63 (2.911) |
Measures | 6–18 Months | 19–24 Months | 25–36 Months | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Screen habits | ||||
Direct screen exposure time (min/day) | 6 (13) | 27 (40) | 38 (52) | 0.001 |
Background exposure time (min/day) | 83 (72) | 118 (100) | 100 (72) | 0.177 |
Total screen exposure time (min/day) | 90 (79) | 145 (126) | 137 (98) | 0.031 |
Three objects task | ||||
Total exploration time | 67.46 (38.38) | 76.53 (50.723) | - | 0.602 |
Number of different strategies used | 3.58 (1.059) | 11.46 (5.311) | - | <0.001 |
Total number of strategies used | 11.46 (5.311) | 7.62 (4.09) | - | 0.002 |
Cube task | ||||
Total exploration time | 32.25 (28.2) | 47.56 (27.364) | 60.74 (28.863) | <0.001 |
Number of different faces explored | 2.57 (1.394) | 3.03 (1.623) | 3.39 (1.382) | 0.029 |
Total number of faces explored | 3.92 (2.314) | 5.26 (2.978) | 5.57 (2.895) | 0.018 |
6–18 Months | 19–24 Months | U | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Putting in mouth | 2.12 (2.704) | 0.15 (0.500) | 350.5 | <0.001 ** |
Caressing | 0.63 (0.968) | 1.24 (1.689) | 834.5 | 0.107 |
Throwing | 2.37 (3.144) | 0.79 (2.071) | 422.5 | <0.001 ** |
Pressing | 1 (1.449) | 1.91 (1.848) | 902 | 0.022 * |
Turning and observing | 2.8 (1.965) | 2.62 (2.015) | 654.5 | 0.646 |
Shaking | 2.54 (2.430) | 0.91 (1.505) | 385.5 | <0.001 ** |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Gillioz, E.; Gentaz, E.; Lejeune, F. The Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration Skills in 6- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers. Children 2024, 11, 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081027
Gillioz E, Gentaz E, Lejeune F. The Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration Skills in 6- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers. Children. 2024; 11(8):1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081027
Chicago/Turabian StyleGillioz, Estelle, Edouard Gentaz, and Fleur Lejeune. 2024. "The Effect of Screen Habits and Alternative Activities on Tactile Exploration Skills in 6- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers" Children 11, no. 8: 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081027