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Article

Third Trimester Fetuses Demonstrate Priming, a Form of Implicit Memory, In Utero

by
Hanna Gustafsson
1,†,
Jennifer Hammond
2,*,†,
Julie Spicer
3,
Sierra Kuzava
4,
Elizabeth Werner
5,
Marisa Spann
5,
Rachel Marsh
5,6,
Tianshu Feng
7,
Seonjoo Lee
5,6,7 and
Catherine Monk
5,6,8
1
Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
2
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
3
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
4
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
5
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
6
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
7
Department of Biostatistics (in Psychiatry), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
8
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Children 2022, 9(11), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111670
Submission received: 27 September 2022 / Revised: 19 October 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 31 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine)
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Abstract

Research examinations of changes in fetal heart rate (HR) to operationalize fetal memory suggests that human memory capacities emerge in utero. However, there is little evidence for a form of implicit memory or priming. The present aim was to determine if priming is evident in utero. Fetal HR, maternal HR and maternal respiratory rate (RR) were examined in 105 women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Women experienced two counterbalanced laboratory tasks, the Stroop task and the paced breathing task, and their cardiorespiratory activity functioned as a stimulus for fetuses. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed maternal HR increased during the Stroop task but only when the Stroop task was presented first (89.64 bpm to 92.39 bpm) (p = 0.04). Maternal RR increased during the Stroop task, regardless of task order (17.72 bpm to 21.11 bpm; 18.50 bpm to 22.60 bpm) (p < 0.01). Fetal HR increased during the paced breathing task, but only when it followed maternal exposure to the Stroop task (141.13 bpm to 143.97 bpm) (p < 0.01). Fetuses registered maternal HR and RR reactivity to the Stroop task, which influenced their response during maternal engagement with a related task, suggesting priming. Further study of fetal memory may suggest another pathway by which prenatal exposures impact future development.
Keywords: fetal development; memory; priming fetal development; memory; priming

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gustafsson, H.; Hammond, J.; Spicer, J.; Kuzava, S.; Werner, E.; Spann, M.; Marsh, R.; Feng, T.; Lee, S.; Monk, C. Third Trimester Fetuses Demonstrate Priming, a Form of Implicit Memory, In Utero. Children 2022, 9, 1670. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111670

AMA Style

Gustafsson H, Hammond J, Spicer J, Kuzava S, Werner E, Spann M, Marsh R, Feng T, Lee S, Monk C. Third Trimester Fetuses Demonstrate Priming, a Form of Implicit Memory, In Utero. Children. 2022; 9(11):1670. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111670

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustafsson, Hanna, Jennifer Hammond, Julie Spicer, Sierra Kuzava, Elizabeth Werner, Marisa Spann, Rachel Marsh, Tianshu Feng, Seonjoo Lee, and Catherine Monk. 2022. "Third Trimester Fetuses Demonstrate Priming, a Form of Implicit Memory, In Utero" Children 9, no. 11: 1670. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111670

APA Style

Gustafsson, H., Hammond, J., Spicer, J., Kuzava, S., Werner, E., Spann, M., Marsh, R., Feng, T., Lee, S., & Monk, C. (2022). Third Trimester Fetuses Demonstrate Priming, a Form of Implicit Memory, In Utero. Children, 9(11), 1670. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111670

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