Embrace the Complexity: Agnostic Evaluation of Children’s Neuropsychological Performances Reveals Hidden Neurodevelopment Patterns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Neuropsychological Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Clinical Characteristics of the Participants in the Study
Appendix A.1. Premature Infants
Clinical Data | (N = 28) |
---|---|
Gestational age, mean (range) | 30 (23 + 2–33 + 4) |
Male rate | 17 (60%) |
Birth weight (gr) | 1382 ± 384 |
Weight percentile ≤ 3rd(n) | 1 (3%) |
Weight percentile 3–10th (n) | 3 (10%) |
1°-min Apgar score | 7.2 ± 1.5 |
5°-min Apgar score | 8.3 ± 0.98 |
pH | 7.26 ± 0.11 |
Infection | 9 (32%) |
Intra-ventricular hemorrhage | 0 (0%) |
Retinopathy of prematurity | 4 (14%) |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 6 (21%) |
Patent ductus arteriosus | 4 (14%) |
Necrotizing enterocolitis | 4 (14%) |
Appendix A.2. HIE
Clinical Data | (N = 28) |
---|---|
Gestational age, mean (range) | 38 (36 + 5–42) |
Male rate | 17 (60%) |
Birth weight, (gr) | 3214 ± 616 |
Weight percentile ≤ 3° (n) | 0 (0%) |
Weight percentile 3–10° (n) | 2 (7%) |
1°-min Apgar score | 2.9 ± 2.29 |
5°-min Apgar score | 4.8 ± 1.88 |
pH | 6.9 ± 0,19 |
Sarnat 1 | 15 (53%) |
Sarnat 2 | 12 (43%) |
Sarnat 3 | 1 (4%) |
Base deficit, mean | −16.8 ± 5.76 |
Seizures, n (%) | 7 (25%) |
Appendix A.3. CHD
Clinical Data | (N = 28) |
---|---|
Premature (%) | 3 (10%) |
Male rate | 14 (50%) |
CHD Rigby and Rosenthal classification * | |
Iperafflux | 12 (43%) |
Ipoafflux Increased pressure Cyanosis | 6 (21%) 10 (36%) 17 (61%) |
Age at intervention | |
Neonatal (0–28 days) | 5 (17%) |
Infancy (1–12 months) | 15 (53%) |
Childhood (>12 months) | 8 (30%) |
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Group | Number | Males | Age |
---|---|---|---|
Healthy | 30 | 18 (60%) | 112.50 (78.25, 127.00) |
Preterm | 28 | 17 (60, 70%) | 73.00 (70.25, 91.00) |
HIE | 28 | 18 (64, 30%) | 71.00 (65.00, 83.25) |
CHD | 28 | 14 (50%) | 92.50 (69.00, 96.00) |
Cluster | Adj. p-Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | 1, N = 40 1 | 2, N = 55 1 | 3, N = 19 1 | 1 vs. 2 2 | 1 vs. 3 2 | 2 vs. 3 2 |
IQ | 0.44 (−0.06, 1.02) | −0.06 (−0.50, 0.40) | −1.00 (−1.60, −0.60) | 0.022 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Coding | 0.96 (0.35, 1.57) | −0.26 (−0.86, 0.05) | −0.56 (−1.47, −0.26) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.045 |
Fluency | 0.46 (−0.06, 1.14) | 0.03 (−0.44, 0.61) | −1.17 (−1.54, −0.55) | 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Naming | 0.16 (−0.23, 0.61) | 0.21 (−0.22, 0.68) | −1.41 (−1.66, −0.85) | 0.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Visual Attention | 0.20 (−0.16, 0.57) | 0.20 (−0.35, 0.57) | −0.16 (−1.26, 0.02) | 0.3 | 0.002 | 0.045 |
Auditory Attention | 0.21 (0.21, 1.00) | 0.21 (−0.57, 1.00) | −0.57 (−1.74, −0.57) | 0.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Affect Recognition | 0.41 (−0.12, 0.68) | 0.41 (−0.25, 0.68) | −1.19 (−1.99, −0.79) | 0.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Theory of Mind A | 0.26 (−0.07, 0.87) | 0.06 (−0.45, 0.69) | −0.85 (−1.55, −0.22) | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Theory of Mind B | 0.21 (−0.30, 0.93) | 0.12 (−0.43, 0.63) | −0.81 (−1.23, −0.13) | 0.7 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Age (months) | 81 (71, 106) | 75 (68, 110) | 93 (73, 96) | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Group | 0.3 | 0.063 | 0.066 | |||
CHD | 11 (28%) | 9 (16%) | 8 (42%) | |||
Controls | 15 (38%) | 14 (25%) | 1 (5.3%) | |||
HIE | 6 (15%) | 18 (33%) | 4 (21%) | |||
Preterms | 8 (20%) | 14 (25%) | 6 (32%) | |||
Sex | 17 (42%) | 26 (47%) | 6 (32%) | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
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Cainelli, E.; Vedovelli, L.; Gregori, D.; Suppiej, A.; Padalino, M.; Cogo, P.; Bisiacchi, P. Embrace the Complexity: Agnostic Evaluation of Children’s Neuropsychological Performances Reveals Hidden Neurodevelopment Patterns. Children 2022, 9, 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060775
Cainelli E, Vedovelli L, Gregori D, Suppiej A, Padalino M, Cogo P, Bisiacchi P. Embrace the Complexity: Agnostic Evaluation of Children’s Neuropsychological Performances Reveals Hidden Neurodevelopment Patterns. Children. 2022; 9(6):775. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060775
Chicago/Turabian StyleCainelli, Elisa, Luca Vedovelli, Dario Gregori, Agnese Suppiej, Massimo Padalino, Paola Cogo, and Patrizia Bisiacchi. 2022. "Embrace the Complexity: Agnostic Evaluation of Children’s Neuropsychological Performances Reveals Hidden Neurodevelopment Patterns" Children 9, no. 6: 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060775