2.5. Research Hypotheses
Presenting the image of the fundraisers on the crowdfunding campaign page signals the trustworthiness of some backers, while other backers are more preoccupied with the creative idea (
Qi et al. 2022). This study aims to investigate whether the success of crowdfunding campaigns could be impacted by trustworthiness based on the appearance of the entrepreneurs’ faces, given the importance that society attaches to trustworthiness (
Hsieh et al. 2020). Studies have also shown that, while there is always a demand for good ideas, there needs to be more sufficiently competent entrepreneurs to make those ideas a reality (
Shin and Kim 2021). Interestingly,
Shin and Kim (
2021) found that face disclosure decreases the likelihood of crowdfunding success. However, others reason that disclosing entrepreneurs’ faces signals a credible and reliable project, increasing the probability of success (
Schwienbacher 2018). Therefore, it is essential to portray a positive signal on the crowdfunding platform to increase the likelihood of success. Cultural factors influence the relationship between entrepreneurs’ face disclosure and crowdfunding success in different regions or countries, such as collectivism versus individualism.
Lacking an effective team, entrepreneurial financial success remains unreliable, even with great ideas. Therefore, the entrepreneur’s profile is essential when choosing crowdfunding investments (
Tang et al. 2024). However, the implications of focusing on the profile or creativity of an entrepreneur have yet to be thoroughly investigated in the current literature. Previous studies (e.g.,
Teubner and Flath 2019;
Hsieh et al. 2020) have documented the importance of face trustworthiness in various business situations and have shown that people are more likely to trust someone who appears more trustworthy when making business decisions. Therefore, the hypothesis is proposed that the facial disclosure of entrepreneurs in the crowdfunding project increases the probability of success. Facial disclosure by the entrepreneur may serve as a positive signal of genuineness, trustworthiness, and transparency, which are crucial aspects of developing trust with potential backers.
Bi et al. (
2017) stated that such visual cues as facial disclosure improve perceived credibility, reduce information asymmetry, and thus raise the chance of crowdfunding success. They draw on inferences that individuals make from what one person causes to happen to another, and from what one person does that affects the self, and then use those inferences to make attributions regarding the cause of the observed behaviors.
In the case of low information about the entrepreneur, investors can look for signals that reduce uncertainty and estimate the risk related to financing. Among those so readily available, facial trustworthiness can signal positive features of a person, like honesty, reliability, and competence. Indeed, the previous literature documented that perceived trustworthy entrepreneurs are more likely to receive funding through crowdfunding (
Duan et al. 2020). This means that facial trustworthiness bridges the information gap, making investors more comfortable with the risks of backing a stranger’s venture. When entrepreneurs display their faces, backers may attribute this transparency to an internal attribute, such as pride or even integrity.
Hypothesis 1. Entrepreneurs who disclose their faces on crowdfunding platforms increase the likelihood of crowdfunding success.
Existing studies have found evidence that dynamic visual display and presentation of a video or information are more effective than static visual display (
Koch and Siering 2019;
Jung et al. 2022). Several important conclusions have been drawn from studies on the influence of photos on crowdfunding success. According to
Ma (
2023), the ‘event’ group has a detrimental effect on the project’s success, although specific visual ideas, such as ‘workspace’, have a positive impact.
Buskila and Perez (
2022) found that photos showing victims participating in self-help activities have a significant impact on raising funds than projects with no images.
Blanchard et al. (
2022), in turn, found that the presence of image qualities substantially impacts the likelihood of crowdfunding success, and that success is highly correlated with the number of photographs and videos. With the usage of pictures in their project descriptions, entrepreneurs may signal more professionalism, greater effort, and quality in the campaign to backers, which may translate into better ratings and more support. The perceived risk is lower and, thus, more successful campaigns. Providing images and videos can lead backers to project the quality of the presentation to the entrepreneur’s industriousness and skillfulness. Finally,
Hou et al. (
2022) emphasize how particular picture qualities affect these feelings and, in turn, pledge intention and how image emotions drive crowdfunding success. These studies show the importance of image attributes and content for the crowdfunding campaign’s success. The presentation of images in the project description can have a powerful, persuasive effect on backers and increase the likelihood of crowdfunding success. Therefore, the proposed hypothesis is:
Hypothesis 2. The presentation of the image on the crowdfunding page increases the likelihood of crowdfunding success.
The number of comments posted by all project participants serves as another form of communication for a crowdfunding campaign. It has been found that fundraising success and the number of comments received are significantly correlated (
Wang et al. 2018). Research conducted by
Wang et al. (
2018) and
Lai et al. (
2017) revealed a positive correlation between fundraising performance; the quantity, mood, and length of comments; and the speed and duration of replies. To increase the accuracy of success prediction,
Lai et al. (
2017) highlighted the importance of including dynamic features in the comments and updates.
Jiang et al. (
2020) also documented that project descriptions and the tone of project comments have an impact on the success of crowdfunding.
Clauss et al. (
2018) emphasized how social engagement, including comments, helps to raise the possibility that a crowdfunding project will succeed. Comments and responses further provoke engagement, which builds a sense of community, shared identity, and trust in the critical success factors of crowdfunding. Supportive comments themselves become a source of social proof and convince other backers to join the campaign.
All of the above findings indicate the critical role that comments play in the success of crowdfunding campaigns. Potential investors can observe the discussions and attitudes of other investors about the project and gain a better understanding of both the advantages and disadvantages of the project, which reduces the perception of investment uncertainty and encourages the public to make investment decisions.
Hypothesis 3. The reaction to comments on the crowdfunding platform increases the likelihood of crowdfunding success.
The degree to which entrepreneurs have invested effort into the campaign page, as demonstrated by using texts, photos, and videos, indicates project preparedness (
Calic and Mosakowski 2016). The video presentation on the crowdfunding campaign page has been found to impact the crowdfunding campaign’s success significantly.
Cha (
2017) has found that the success of video game crowdfunding campaigns is affected by factors such as human capital, location, preference of the media, and level of exposure to the media.
Ma and Palacios (
2021) also confirm that fundraising success positively correlates with visual material. Videos can depict richer information that may make people more emotional toward it and show entrepreneurs’ passion and dedication.
Mollick (
2014) shows that campaigns with videos are more likely to get funded since videos are strong mechanisms for building trust and, in that way, decrease information asymmetry while improving perceived legitimacy. Funding levels in blockchain-based crowdfunding campaigns are increased by releasing video pitches, particularly those with information content and buzz phrases (
Kolbe et al. 2022). Furthermore, viewers of the various project categories see videos differently, which affects how successful crowdfunding campaigns are (
Dey et al. 2017). Thus, the following hypothesis is put forward.
Hypothesis 4. Presentation of the video increases the probability of success in crowdfunding.
The fundraising duration refers to the time interval from the launch of the campaign to its end. Previous research indicates a successful crowdfunding campaign should last less than 40 days. It has been shown that the duration of a crowdfunding campaign has a negative correlation with its effectiveness. The longer a campaign lasts, the less likely it is to be successful (
Mamaro and Sibindi 2023). The duration’s influence on crowdfunding’s success is a complicated and diversified topic.
Salahaldin et al. (
2019) and
Chen et al. (
2020) all stress the significance of project duration. While the rationale would seem solid for a longer period, it would mean there is no rush or even confidence to reach the goal quickly. Based on
Shneor (
2020), this is based on the supposition that longer campaign periods would result in lost momentum and would eventually discourage backers from pledging their support, thus lowering the rate of success. Furthermore,
Cordova et al. (
2015) show that a shorter-duration project enhances the probability of success. In turn,
Devaraj and Patel (
2016) note that a shorter duration increases the likelihood of meeting the financial goal. The longer the duration of a campaign, the more backers will attribute it to either low urgency for the money or low interest in the project. It, thus, decreases the perceived probability of success. These studies suggest that a crowdfunding project’s success can be significantly impacted by a carefully considered and executed description length. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed.
Hypothesis 5. The longer the duration of a crowdfunding campaign, the less likelihood of crowdfunding success.
According to research, early supporters of crowdfunding projects are critical to the project’s success, and their proximity to peers (socially and geographically) affects the result (
Ma 2023). Success is also significantly impacted by the communication that takes place between backers and artists, especially when it involves comments and responses (
Wang et al. 2018). However, the presence of associations among supporters may also have an adverse impact, possibly resulting in reduced funding (
Herd et al. 2022). A large number of backers can signal high quality and, therefore, instill trust in the project and its leader while urging other people to become backers. Social validation of the number of backers lowers the perceived risk and heightens the likelihood of crowdfunding success. The higher the number of backers, the higher the level of trust because it gives an indication that a big number has screened the project. Therefore, the risk for new backers is reduced
Still, serial creators might discover that it is easier to secure finance if they build up their internal social capital, especially if they have a history of successful projects (
Skirnevskiy et al. 2017). The more backers, the better the performance of crowdfunding. Thus, we hypothesize:
Hypothesis 6. The larger the number of backers in the crowdfunding campaign, the greater the likelihood of success in crowdfunding.
These hypotheses provide a starting point for investigating the role of entrepreneurs’ face disclosure on crowdfunding success. Further research and empirical tests are needed to validate these hypotheses and explore additional factors that may influence the relationship. The central hypothesis is that an entrepreneur’s facial disclosure significantly influences their crowdfunding success. This hypothesis suggests that the level of facial disclosure, including the facial expressions, emotions, and non-verbal cues an entrepreneur displays in their crowdfunding campaign, will impact the success of their fundraising efforts. Trustworthiness will be heightened by visuals, such as personal faces, images, and videos, that help with transparency and reduce the perceived risk. Trust theory addresses how trust is built between parties and works in a way that gives a supporting role to transactions. In crowdfunding, this plays a crucial role because, for a campaign to be successful, the backer needs to trust that the outcome offered by the entrepreneur will be provided.
These theories are taken together to explain the mechanisms underlying the probability of crowdfunding success the hypotheses explain. It explains why declines in uncertainty from information disclosures, such as faces, images, videos, and comments, to higher success rates. Second, it justifies how cues, for instance, visual elements and numbers of backers, behave like quality and credibility signals. Third, the backers explain the causes of the disclosed information, for example, high-quality videos, and start using explanations to make judgments on the feasibility of the project. Fourth, it was emphasized that trust-building elements, like transparency and social proof, encourage people to become backers of a project. All of the theories support the hypotheses on how specific campaign characteristics, e.g., information asymmetry mitigation, quality signal provision, and the making of attributions, translate into building trust, which, in turn, is associated with an increased chance of crowdfunding success.
To test this hypothesis, the researchers conducted a study to analyze a sample of crowdfunding campaigns on various platforms. Data were collected on the facial disclosures of entrepreneurs in their campaign videos or photos, as well as the corresponding funding outcomes. By examining the relationship between facial disclosure and crowdfunding success, researchers could determine if there was a significant influence. The hypothesis predicts that higher levels of facial disclosure, such as genuine expressions of enthusiasm, trustworthiness, and confidence, will positively impact the campaign’s success. On the contrary, lower levels of facial disclosure, such as neutral or unimpressive faces, may result in reduced funding success.