Risks 2025, 13(9), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13090178 - 12 Sep 2025
Abstract
There is a growing need to provide AI risk management models that can assess whether AI applications are safe and trustworthy, to make them responsible. To date, there are a few research papers on this topic. To fill the gap, in this paper
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There is a growing need to provide AI risk management models that can assess whether AI applications are safe and trustworthy, to make them responsible. To date, there are a few research papers on this topic. To fill the gap, in this paper we extend the recently proposed SAFE framework, a comprehensive approach to measure AI risks across four key dimensions: security, accuracy, fairness, and explainability (SAFE). We contribute to the SAFE framework with a novel use of the coefficient of determination (
