Uncovering the Impact of Digitalization on the Performance of Insurance Distribution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypotheses and Research Model
2.1. Use of Digital Technologies and Performance of a Salesperson
2.2. Digital Stressors, Perceived Stress, and Performance
2.3. Facilitating or Impeding Factors
3. Methodology
3.1. Operationalization and Survey Design
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis Using PLS-SEM
- K = construct´s number of indicators.
- = average non-redundant indicator correlation coefficient.
- K = the construct´s number of indicators.
- k = the indicator variable.
- = the standardized outer loading of indicator variable k.
- = the measurement error of indicator variable k.
- = the variance of the measurement error.
- K = the construct´s number of indicators.
- k = the indicator variable.
- = the standardized outer loading of indicator variable k.
4. Research Results
4.1. Descriptive Results
4.2. Measurement Model
4.3. Structural Model
5. Discussion
5.1. Main Findings
5.2. Limitations
5.3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Operationalization of Constructs
Constructs | Operationalization According to | |
Technology Optimism, Technological Capabilities a | Parasuraman and Colby (2015) | |
Organizational Support b, Organizational Encouragement c | Tarafdar et al. (2015) | |
Complexity, Insecurity, Omnipresence d, Overload, Uncertainty | Tarafdar et al. (2007) | |
Interruption | Galluch et al. (2015) | |
Invasion of Privacy | Ayyagari et al. (2011) | |
Performance Control | Gimpel et al. (2021) | |
Safety, Unreliability | Fischer et al. (2021) | |
Interaction with Clients e | Tarafdar et al. (2015) | |
Productivity | Tarafdar et al. (2007) | |
Revenue | Sundaram et al. (2007) | |
Perceived helplessness, Perceived Self-Inefficacy f | Cohen and Williamson (1988) | |
Note: The single-item-construct TechUsage is not displayed here. For some constructs, we use a different term than in the original source. They originally had the name: a: innovativeness, b: technical support provision, c: involvement facilitation, d: invasion, e: technology enabled performance, f: Perceived self-efficacy (had to be scored in the reverse direction). This was made either in order to avoid misunderstandings regarding the terminology in this paper or because this appeared appropriate due to the terminology used in the operationalizations of the constructs in the original sources. |
Appendix B. Item Loadings, Internal Consistency Reliability, and Convergent Validity in the Measurement Model of the Lower-Order Constructs
Construct/Items | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability | AVE | Loadings | M (SD) | |
Technology Optimism (TechOpt) | 0.816 | 0.880 | 0.648 | |||
Techopt-1: New technologies contribute to a better quality of life. | 0.867 | 3.501 (0.952) | ||||
Techopt-2: Technology gives people more control over their lives. | 0.812 | 3.145 (1.005) | ||||
Techopt-3: Technology makes me more productive in my personal life. | 0.842 | 3.634 (0.957) | ||||
Techopt-4: Technology gives people more freedom to live and work where they please. | 0.687 | 4.061 (0.889) | ||||
Technological Capabilities (TechCap) | 0.868 | 0.910 | 0.716 | |||
Techcap-1: Other people come to me for advice on new technologies. | 0.820 | 2.882 (1.161) | ||||
Techcap-2: In general, I am among the first in my circle of friends to acquire new technology when it appears. | 0.844 | 2.512 (1.185) | ||||
Techcap-3: I can usually figure out new high-tech products and services without help from others. | 0.866 | 3.289 (1.104) | ||||
Techcap-4: I keep up with the latest technological developments in my areas of interest. | 0.854 | 3.456 (1.016) | ||||
Organizational Support (OrgSup) | 0.872 | 0.907 | 0.661 | |||
OrgSup-1: Our organization encourages knowledge sharing to help deal with new technology. | 0.833 | 3.432 (1.017) | ||||
OrgSup-2: Our organization emphasizes teamwork in dealing with new-technology-related problems. | 0.819 | 3.197 (1.109) | ||||
OrgSup-3: Our organization provides sales force training before the introduction of new technology. | 0.787 | 3.625 (1.090) | ||||
OrgSup-4: Our organization fosters a good relationship between IT department and sales force. | 0.781 | 3.130 (1.155) | ||||
OrgSup-5: Our organization provides clear documentation to the sales force on using new technologies. | 0.844 | 3.177 (1.099) | ||||
Organizational Encouragement (OrgEncour) | 0.815 | 0.879 | 0.646 | |||
OrgEncour-1: Our salespeople are encouraged to try out new technologies. | 0.753 | 3.639 (1.031) | ||||
OrgEncour-2: Our salespeople are rewarded for using new technologies. | 0.723 | 2.216 (1.129) | ||||
OrgEncour-3: Our salespeople are consulted before introduction of new technology. | 0.859 | 2.749 (1.165) | ||||
OrgEncour-4: Our salespeople are involved in technology change and/or implementation. | 0.871 | 2.758 (1.121) | ||||
Complexity (Comp) | 0.866 | 0.903 | 0.652 | |||
Comp-1: I do not know enough about digital technologies to handle my job satisfactorily. | 0.832 | 2.351 (1.061) | ||||
Comp-2: I need a long time to understand and use new digital technologies. | 0.838 | 2.382 (1.041) | ||||
Comp-3: I do not find enough time to study and upgrade my technology skills. | 0.787 | 2.710 (1.166) | ||||
Comp-4: I find new recruits to this organization know more about digital technologies than I do. | 0.717 | 2.732 (1.151) | ||||
Comp-5: I often find it too complex for me to understand and use new digital technologies. | 0.858 | 2.622 (1.113) | ||||
Insecurity (Insec) | 0.730 | 0.832 | 0.556 | |||
Insec-1: I feel constant threat to my job security due to digital technologies. | 0.796 | 2.394 (1.188) | ||||
Insec-2: I have to constantly update my digital skills to avoid being replaced. | 0.620 | 3.428 (1.078) | ||||
Insec-3: I am threatened by coworkers with newer digital technology skills. | 0.808 | 1.932 (1.008) | ||||
Insec-4: I feel there is less sharing of knowledge among coworkers for fear of being replaced. | 0.743 | 1.864 (1.012) | ||||
Interruption (Interr) | 0.916 | 0.947 | 0.856 | |||
Interr-1: I receive too many interruptions during the tasks due to digital technologies. | 0.911 | 3.165 (1.048) | ||||
Interr-2: I experience many distractions during the tasks due to digital technologies. | 0.936 | 3.151 (1.077) | ||||
Interr-3: The interruptions caused by digital technologies come frequently. | 0.928 | 3.164 (1.106) | ||||
Invasion of Privacy (InvPriv) | 0.901 | 0.931 | 0.772 | |||
InvPriv-1: I feel uncomfortable that my use of digital technologies can be easily monitored. | 0.895 | 3.091 (1.304) | ||||
InvPriv-2: I feel my privacy can be compromised because my activities using digital technologies can be traced. | 0.918 | 2.961 (1.286) | ||||
InvPriv-3: I feel my employer could violate my privacy by tracking my activities using digital technologies. | 0.856 | 2.564 (1.350) | ||||
InvPriv-4: I feel that my use of digital technologies makes it easier to invade my privacy. | 0.845 | 3.342 (1.233) | ||||
Omnipresence (Omni) | 0.756 | 0.852 | 0.660 | |||
Omni-1: I have to be in touch with my work even during my vacation due to digital technologies. | 0.694 | 3.414 (1.265) | ||||
Omni-2: I have to sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to keep current on new digital technologies. | 0.850 | 2.413 (1.137) | ||||
Omni-3: I feel my personal life is being invaded by digital technologies. | 0.882 | 2.877 (1.121) | ||||
Overload (Overl) | 0.860 | 0.905 | 0.705 | |||
Overl-1: I am forced by digital technologies to do more work than I can handle. | 0.866 | 2.776 (1.148) | ||||
Overl-2: I am forced by digital technologies to work with very tight time schedules. | 0.872 | 2.794 (1.167) | ||||
Overl-3: I am forced to change my work habits to adapt to new digital technologies. | 0.754 | 3.499 (1.079) | ||||
Overl-4: I have a higher workload because of increased digital technology complexity. | 0.862 | 3.352 (1.153) | ||||
Performance Control (PerfCont) | 0.846 | 0.908 | 0.767 | |||
PerfCont-1: I feel that my professional performance is monitored using digital technologies. | 0.915 | 2.843 (1.310) | ||||
PerfCont-2: I feel that my professional achievements can be compared with the achievements of my colleagues/competitors due to digital technologies. | 0.913 | 3.138 (1.353) | ||||
PerfCont-3: I have the feeling that more of the mistakes I make during work can be discovered through digital technologies. | 0.795 | 2.618 (1.245) | ||||
Safety (Safet) | 0.919 | 0.940 | 0.757 | |||
Safet-1: I have to worry too often, whether I might download malicious programs. | 0.863 | 2.381 (1.162) | ||||
Safet-2: I have to worry too often, whether I might receive malicious e-mails. | 0.898 | 2.566 (1.220) | ||||
Safet-3: I fear that hackers might get access to company secrets through a mistake of mine. | 0.891 | 2.433 (1.205) | ||||
Safet-4: I feel anxious when I get an e-mail from somebody that I do not know as it could be a malevolent attack. | 0.892 | 2.587 (1.273) | ||||
Safet-5: E-Mails whose sender I do not know make me nervous. | 0.804 | 2.176 (1.175) | ||||
Unreliability (Unrel) | 0.933 | 0.950 | 0.791 | |||
Unrel-1: I think that I am too often confronted with unexpected behavior of digital technologies I use at work (e.g., breakdowns or long response times). | 0.833 | 3.281 (1.168) | ||||
Unrel-2: I think that I lose too much time due to technical malfunctions. | 0.917 | 3.205 (1.217) | ||||
Unrel-3: I think that I spend too much time trying to fix technical malfunctions. | 0.900 | 3.070 (1.250) | ||||
Unrel-4: There is just too much of my time at work wasted coping with the unreliability of digital technologies. | 0.922 | 3.049 (1.267) | ||||
Unrel-5: The daily hassles with digital technologies (e.g., slow programs or unexpected behavior) are really bothering me. | 0.871 | 2.999 (1.249) | ||||
Perceived helplessness (PerHeLess) | 0.871 | 0.903 | 0.609 | |||
PerHeLess-1: In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? | 0.806 | 2.210 (1.040) | ||||
PerHeLess-2: In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? | 0.813 | 2.025 (1.110) | ||||
PerHeLess-3: In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”? | 0.811 | 2.219 (1.086) | ||||
PerHeLess-4: In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? | 0.693 | 1.615 (0.970) | ||||
PerHeLess-5: In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control? | 0.770 | 2.085 (1.060) | ||||
PerHeLess-6: In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them? | 0.781 | 1.241 (1.110) | ||||
Perceived Self-Inefficacy (PerSeIfIneff) * | 0.695 | 0.809 | 0.526 | |||
PerSeIfIneff-1: In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? | 0.710 | 1.271 (0.866) | ||||
PerSeIfIneff-2: In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way? | 0.824 | 1.564 (0.866) | ||||
PerSeIfIneff-3: In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life? | 0.468 | 1.644 (1.012) | ||||
PerSeIfIneff-4: In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things? | 0.837 | 1.286 (0.875) | ||||
Revenue (Rev) | 0.875 | 0.914 | 0.727 | |||
To what extent have digital technologies affected the quality of your performance with regard to: | ||||||
Rev-1: Selling high profit-margin products | 0.822 | 3.171 (0.737) | ||||
Rev-2: Generating a high level of sales. | 0.882 | 3.298 (0.728) | ||||
Rev-3: Quickly generating sales of new company products or of new products from partner companies. | 0.839 | 3.215 (0.753) | ||||
Rev-4: Exceeding sales targets. | 0.866 | 3.105 (0.734) | ||||
Productivity (Prod) | 0.883 | 0.928 | 0.810 | |||
Prod-2: Digital technologies help me to improve my productivity. | 0.907 | 3.433 (1.024) | ||||
Prod-3: Digital technologies help me to accomplish more work than would otherwise be possible. | 0.904 | 3.377 (1.060) | ||||
Prod-4: Digital technologies help me to perform my job better. | 0.890 | 3.436 (1.014) | ||||
Interaction with Clients (InteracCl) | 0.882 | 0.914 | 0.680 | |||
InteracCl-1: Using digital technologies results in improved customer satisfaction. | 0.802 | 3.467 (0.892) | ||||
InteracCl-2: Using digital technologies results in more time to meet with customers. | 0.836 | 2.936 (1.064) | ||||
InteracCl-3: Using digital technologies helps me make my time with customers more productive. | 0.867 | 3.330 (1.021) | ||||
InteracCl-4: Using digital technologies helps me communicate better with customers. | 0.793 | 3.772 (0.908) | ||||
InteracCl-5: Using digital technologies helps improve my overall professionalism with customers. | 0.823 | 3.721 (0.958) | ||||
Note: * Composite reliability (rho_a) is 0.771, which indicates a sufficient internal consistent reliability; Prod-1 was removed due to discriminant validity reasons in the lower-order construct; the digital stressor uncertainty was removed due to convergent validity reason in the higher-order construct; after removing item resp. construct all calculations in PLS were performed again. |
Appendix C. Discriminant Validity of Lower-Order Constructs: Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) Ratio
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | ||
1 | Complexity | |||||||||||||||||||
2 | Insecurity | 0.717 | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | Interaction with Clients | 0.464 | 0.384 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | Interruption | 0.440 | 0.571 | 0.365 | ||||||||||||||||
5 | Invasion of Privacy | 0.413 | 0.557 | 0.297 | 0.463 | |||||||||||||||
6 | Omnipresence | 0.310 | 0.507 | 0.202 | 0.588 | 0.405 | ||||||||||||||
7 | Organizational Encouragement | 0.273 | 0.162 | 0.423 | 0.181 | 0.214 | 0.112 | |||||||||||||
8 | Organizational Support | 0.303 | 0.222 | 0.474 | 0.219 | 0.243 | 0.153 | 0.850 | ||||||||||||
9 | Overload | 0.588 | 0.671 | 0.474 | 0.723 | 0.500 | 0.669 | 0.212 | 0.269 | |||||||||||
10 | Perceived Helplessness | 0.498 | 0.625 | 0.347 | 0.628 | 0.497 | 0.576 | 0.183 | 0.224 | 0.698 | ||||||||||
11 | Perceived Self-Inefficacy | 0.346 | 0.448 | 0.320 | 0.301 | 0.264 | 0.265 | 0.150 | 0.184 | 0.326 | 0.581 | |||||||||
12 | Performance Control | 0.347 | 0.553 | 0.196 | 0.381 | 0.764 | 0.285 | 0.112 | 0.143 | 0.429 | 0.441 | 0.231 | ||||||||
13 | Productivity | 0.428 | 0.330 | 0.899 | 0.343 | 0.282 | 0.212 | 0.361 | 0.408 | 0.429 | 0.330 | 0.324 | 0.187 | |||||||
14 | Revenue | 0.421 | 0.433 | 0.702 | 0.297 | 0.296 | 0.180 | 0.371 | 0.376 | 0.359 | 0.302 | 0.373 | 0.239 | 0.659 | ||||||
15 | Safety | 0.487 | 0.571 | 0.216 | 0.386 | 0.462 | 0.450 | 0.085 | 0.124 | 0.428 | 0.480 | 0.238 | 0.412 | 0.190 | 0.224 | |||||
16 | Technological Capabilities | 0.721 | 0.312 | 0.431 | 0.094 | 0.143 | 0.148 | 0.347 | 0.317 | 0.206 | 0.157 | 0.184 | 0.122 | 0.405 | 0.370 | 0.210 | ||||
17 | Technology Optimism | 0.480 | 0.333 | 0.792 | 0.308 | 0.275 | 0.230 | 0.408 | 0.427 | 0.406 | 0.316 | 0.286 | 0.221 | 0.767 | 0.538 | 0.185 | 0.581 | |||
18 | TechUsage | 0.338 | 0.099 | 0.306 | 0.052 | 0.142 | 0.145 | 0.332 | 0.284 | 0.053 | 0.057 | 0.113 | 0.089 | 0.288 | 0.246 | 0.095 | 0.569 | 0.416 | ||
19 | Unreliability | 0.515 | 0.574 | 0.423 | 0.545 | 0.534 | 0.375 | 0.352 | 0.428 | 0.602 | 0.571 | 0.281 | 0.440 | 0.398 | 0.357 | 0.457 | 0.216 | 0.341 | 0.085 |
Appendix D. Discriminant Validity of Lower-Order Constructs: Fornell-Larcker Criterion
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | ||
1 | Complexity | 0.808 | ||||||||||||||||||
2 | Insecurity | 0.576 | 0.746 | |||||||||||||||||
3 | Interaction with Clients | −0.412 | −0.315 | 0.825 | ||||||||||||||||
4 | Interruption | 0.400 | 0.467 | −0.331 | 0.925 | |||||||||||||||
5 | Invasion of Privacy | 0.370 | 0.460 | −0.266 | 0.420 | 0.879 | ||||||||||||||
6 | Omnipresence | 0.300 | 0.419 | −0.162 | 0.518 | 0.369 | 0.813 | |||||||||||||
7 | Organizational Encouragement | −0.235 | −0.123 | 0.364 | −0.159 | −0.188 | −0.071 | 0.804 | ||||||||||||
8 | Organizational Support | −0.272 | −0.181 | 0.418 | −0.196 | −0.215 | −0.116 | 0.713 | 0.813 | |||||||||||
9 | Overload | 0.517 | 0.531 | −0.418 | 0.643 | 0.442 | 0.587 | −0.184 | −0.234 | 0.840 | ||||||||||
10 | Perceived Helplessness | 0.437 | 0.500 | −0.304 | 0.561 | 0.440 | 0.501 | −0.158 | −0.195 | 0.609 | 0.780 | |||||||||
11 | Perceived Self-Inefficacy | 0.300 | 0.341 | −0.273 | 0.267 | 0.224 | 0.227 | −0.120 | −0.162 | 0.284 | 0.498 | 0.725 | ||||||||
12 | Performance Control | 0.297 | 0.444 | −0.176 | 0.337 | 0.672 | 0.259 | −0.095 | −0.128 | 0.371 | 0.383 | 0.192 | 0.876 | |||||||
13 | Productivity | −0.382 | −0.272 | 0.796 | −0.308 | −0.253 | −0.155 | 0.311 | 0.359 | −0.377 | −0.289 | −0.272 | −0.169 | 0.900 | ||||||
14 | Revenue | −0.371 | −0.355 | 0.619 | −0.265 | −0.264 | −0.162 | 0.315 | 0.330 | −0.315 | −0.264 | −0.306 | −0.213 | 0.582 | 0.853 | |||||
15 | Safety | 0.437 | 0.471 | −0.194 | 0.354 | 0.421 | 0.396 | −0.071 | −0.114 | 0.383 | 0.429 | 0.205 | 0.360 | −0.172 | −0.200 | 0.870 | ||||
16 | Technological Capabilities | −0.619 | −0.251 | 0.376 | −0.084 | −0.128 | −0.018 | 0.291 | 0.279 | −0.179 | −0.136 | −0.156 | −0.108 | 0.355 | 0.324 | −0.186 | 0.846 | |||
17 | Technology Optimism | −0.410 | −0.264 | 0.674 | −0.270 | −0.238 | −0.114 | 0.337 | 0.365 | −0.347 | −0.267 | −0.234 | −0.182 | 0.655 | 0.458 | −0.161 | 0.491 | 0.805 | ||
18 | TechUsage | −0.315 | −0.091 | 0.287 | −0.050 | −0.136 | 0.087 | 0.298 | 0.269 | −0.050 | −0.045 | −0.094 | −0.085 | 0.271 | 0.231 | −0.090 | 0.531 | 0.374 | 1.000 | |
19 | Unreliability | 0.471 | 0.472 | −0.385 | 0.504 | 0.489 | 0.352 | −0.310 | −0.386 | 0.540 | 0.515 | 0.248 | 0.393 | −0.361 | −0.324 | 0.424 | −0.194 | −0.300 | −0.082 | 0.889 |
Note: Square root of AVE is on the diagonal (bold highlighted). |
Appendix E. Discriminant Validity of Higher-Order Constructs: Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) Ratio
Construct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
1 | Digital Stressors (DigStressors) | |||||||
2 | Organizational Encouragement (OrgEncour) | 0.260 | ||||||
3 | Organizational Support (OrgSup) | 0.329 | 0.850 | |||||
4 | Perceived Stress (PercStress) | 0.790 | 0.216 | 0.270 | ||||
5 | Technological Capabilities (TechCap) | 0.320 | 0.347 | 0.317 | 0.222 | |||
6 | Technology Optimism (TechOpt) | 0.420 | 0.408 | 0.427 | 0.393 | 0.581 | ||
7 | TechUsage (single item) | 0.165 | 0.332 | 0.284 | 0.099 | 0.569 | 0.416 |
Appendix F. Inner Model: VIF Values
DigStressors | PercStress | Perform | TechUsage | |
Digital Stressors (DigStressors) | 1.000 | |||
Organizational Encouragement (OrgEncour) | 2.097 | 2.078 | ||
Organizational Support (OrgSup) | 2.108 | 2.107 | ||
Perceived Stress (PercStress) | 1.005 | |||
Technological Capabilities (TechCap) | 1.626 | 1.350 | ||
Technology Optimism (TechOpt) | 1.488 | 1.429 | ||
TechUsage | 1.458 | 1.005 |
Appendix G. Total Indirect Effects
Total Indirect Effect from | on | ||
Digital Stressors (DigStressors) | Perceived Stress (PercStress) | Performance (Perform) | |
TechUsage | 0.067 * | ||
Digital Stressors (DigStressors) | −0.226 *** | ||
Technology Optimism (TechOpt) | −0.161 *** | 0.087 *** | |
Technological Capabilities (TechCap) | 0.045 * | −0.083 ** | 0.148 *** |
Organizational Support (OrgSup) | −0.120 ** | 0.049 ** | |
Note: Path coefficients are standardized; only the significant total indirect effects are shown in this table; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. |
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Construct and Item Loadings | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digital Stressors (DigStressors) | Perceived Stress (PercStress) | ||||||||||
Complexity (Comp): 0.712 Insecurity (Insec): 0.766 Interruption (Interr): 0.738 Invasion of Privacy (InvPriv): 0.701 Omnipresence (Omni): 0.646 Overload (Overl): 0.806 Performance Control (PerfCont): 0.611 Safety (Safet): 0.643 Unreliability (Unrel): 0.741 | Perceived Helplessness (PerHeLess): 0.924 Perceived Self-Inefficacy (PerSeIfIneff): 0.792 | ||||||||||
Realibility and validity | |||||||||||
Construct | α | CR | AVE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
1 | Digital Stressors (DigStressors) | 0.876 | 0.901 | 0.504 | 0.710 | ||||||
2 | Organizational Encouragement (OrgEncour) | 0.815 | 0.879 | 0.646 | −0.236 | 0.804 | |||||
3 | Organizational Support (OrgSup) | 0.872 | 0.907 | 0.661 | −0.300 | 0.712 | 0.813 | ||||
4 | Perceived Stress (PercStress) * | 0.665 | 0.850 | 0.740 | 0.646 | −0.164 | −0.209 | 0.860 | |||
5 | Technological Capabilities (TechCap) | 0.868 | 0.910 | 0.716 | −0.297 | 0.291 | 0.279 | −0.165 | 0.846 | ||
6 | Technology Optimism (TechOpt) | 0.816 | 0.880 | 0.648 | −0.374 | 0.337 | 0.365 | −0.291 | 0.491 | 0.805 | |
7 | TechUsage (single item) | −0.135 | 0.298 | 0.269 | −0.074 | 0.531 | 0.374 | 1.000 |
Construct/Items | VIF | Weight | p-Value | Bias-Corrected and Accelerated Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5% | 97.5% | ||||
Performance (Perform) | |||||
Revenue (Rev) | 1.681 | 0.371 | 0.000 | 0.182 | 0.568 |
Productivity (Prod) | 2.833 | 0.320 | 0.011 | 0.051 | 0.551 |
Interaction with Clients (InteracCl) | 3.038 | 0.441 | 0.001 | 0.193 | 0.690 |
Hypotheses | Path Coefficients | Result | |
---|---|---|---|
H1 | TechUsage → Perform | 0.273 *** | Supported |
H2 | TechUsage → DigStressors | 0.103 * | Supported |
H3 | DigStressors → PercStress | 0.646 *** | Supported |
H4 | PercStress → Perform | −0.350 *** | Supported |
H5a | TechOpt → TechUsage | 0.113 ** | Supported |
H5b | TechOpt → DigStressors | −0.261 *** | Supported |
H6a | TechCap → TechUsage | 0.435 *** | Supported |
H6b | TechCap → DigStressors | −0.173 *** | Supported |
H7a | OrgEncour → TechUsage | 0.117 * | Supported |
H7b | OrgEncour → DigStressors | 0.006 | Not supported |
H8a | OrgSup → TechUsage | 0.023 | Not supported |
H8b | OrgSup → DigStressors | −0.189 *** | Supported |
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Köhne, T.; Köhne, M. Uncovering the Impact of Digitalization on the Performance of Insurance Distribution. Risks 2024, 12, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12080129
Köhne T, Köhne M. Uncovering the Impact of Digitalization on the Performance of Insurance Distribution. Risks. 2024; 12(8):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12080129
Chicago/Turabian StyleKöhne, Thomas, and Marija Köhne. 2024. "Uncovering the Impact of Digitalization on the Performance of Insurance Distribution" Risks 12, no. 8: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12080129