Assessing the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Functional Food Ingredient Production Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recovery of Phenolic-Rich Extract from Seaweed
2.2. Environmental Assessment
2.2.1. Goal and Scope Definition
2.2.2. Life Cycle Inventory
2.2.3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
2.3. Economic Assessment
- COM = Cost of manufacturing
- X1 = Operational cost of workers
- X2 = Raw material cost
- X3 = Extraction cost
- X4 = Filtration cost
- X5 = Extract drying cost
- X6 = Waste treatment cost
- W= Number of workers
- Rh = Hourly rate of workers (EUR/h)
- HW = Number of hours worked
- RM = Raw material quantity k (kg)
- RRM = Rate of raw material (EUR/kg)
- CDO = Cost of dryer oven of size k (EUR)
- WDO = Wattage of dryer oven (kW)
- RT = Runtime (h)
- RE = Electricity rate (EUR/kWh)
- CMM = Cost of milling machine of size k (EUR)
- WMM = Wattage of milling machine (kW)
- S1 = Solvent 1 volume k (kg)
- RS1 = Rate of Solvent 1 volume k (EUR/kg)
- S2 = Solvent 2 (kg)
- RS2 = Rate of Solvent 2 (EUR/kg)
- CV = Cost of vessel of size k (EUR)
- WV = Wattage of vessel (kW)
- RT = Runtime (h)
- RE = Electricity rate (EUR/kWh)
- CC = Cheesecloth of length k (m)
- RCC = Rate of cheesecloth (EUR/m)
- CVP = Cost of vacuum pump of size k (EUR)
- WVP = Wattage of vacuum pump (kW)
- RT = Runtime (h)
- RE = Electricity rate (EUR/kWh)
- CFD = Cost of freeze dryer of size k (EUR)
- WFD = Wattage of freeze dryer (kW)
- CVP = Cost of vacuum pump of size k (EUR)
- WVP = Wattage of vacuum pump (kW)
- RT = Runtime (h)
- RE = Electricity rate (EUR/kWh)
2.3.1. Lab Scale
2.3.2. Large Scale
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Environmental Assessment of the Extraction Processes
3.2. Economic Assessment of the Extraction Processes using Extraction Yield
3.3. Economic Assessment of the Extraction Processes Using Total Phenolic Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inventory | Unit | CSE | UAE | Data Source/Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inputs | ||||
Seaweed | gm | 28.79 | 4.98 | Measured |
Ethanol | gm | 115.17 | 19.91 | Measured |
Water | L | 0.14 | 0.02 | Measured |
Electricity for extraction | kWh | 2.76 | 0.01 | Measured |
Electricity for filtration | kWh | 0.02 | 0.002 | Measured |
Electricity for freeze drying | kWh | 138.89 | 24.01 | Measured |
Outputs | ||||
Polyphenols | g | 1 | 1 | |
Evaporated ethanol | g | 11.52 | 1.99 | Calculated for experiments from mass balance. Assuming 10% loss |
Recovered ethanol | g | 103.65 | 17.92 | Considers a 90% ethanol recovery rate |
Solid waste | g | 25.57 | 3.23 | Calculated from mass balance |
Wastewater | L | 0.14 | 0.02 | Assuming all water used was finally considered as wastewater |
Parameters | Rate (Ex VAT) |
---|---|
Pre-treated raw material (dried, milled and transportation) a | EUR 27.72/kg |
Industrial ultrasound units/vessels a | |
50 L (0.05 m3) | EUR 12,360 |
100 L (0.10 m3) | EUR 15,175 |
150 L (0.15 m3) | EUR 16,975 |
Labour b | EUR 9.80/h |
For 50 L | 1 operator |
For 100 L | 2 operators |
For 150 L | 3 operators |
Extraction solvents a | |
Ethanol | EUR 15.10/kg |
Water c | EUR 1.21/kg |
Electricity cost d | EUR 0.2122/kWh |
Filtration cost (including cheese cloth, vacuum pump, and electricity cost) a | |
Cheese cloth | EUR 2.5/metre |
Vacuum pump | EUR 1893 |
Freeze drying cost (including 6L freeze dryer, vacuum pump, and electricity cost) | |
Freeze dryer (6L, fully assembled unit) | EUR 18,495 |
Vacuum pump | EUR 2206 |
Waste treatment cost e | Nil |
Impact Category | Unit | CSE | UAE |
---|---|---|---|
Fine particulate matter formation (FPMF) | kg PM2.5 eq | 7.55 × 10−5 | 1.28 × 10−5 |
Freshwater ecotoxicity (FE) | kg 1,4-DCB | 2.94 × 10−7 | 4.98 × 10−8 |
Human carcinogenic toxicity (HCT) | kg 1,4-DCB | 2.07 × 10−6 | 3.52 × 10−7 |
Human non-carcinogenic toxicity (HNCT) | kg 1,4-DCB | 1.75 × 10−4 | 2.97 × 10−5 |
Marine ecotoxicity (MECo) | kg 1,4-DCB | 9.72 × 10−4 | 1.65 × 10−4 |
Marine eutrophication (MEut) | kg N eq | 6.66 × 10−9 | 1.13 × 10−9 |
Mineral resource scarcity (MRS) | kg Cu eq | 2.31 × 10−3 | 3.92 × 10−4 |
Ozone formation, Human health (OFHH) | kg NOx eq | 6.80 × 10−4 | 1.15 × 10−4 |
Ozone formation, Terrestrial ecosystems (OFTE) | kg NOx eq | 6.80 × 10−4 | 1.15 × 10−4 |
Terrestrial acidification (TA) | kg SO2 eq | 2.45 × 10−4 | 4.16 × 10−5 |
Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TECo) | kg 1,4-DCB | 1.44 × 10−4 | 2.45 × 10−5 |
Water consumption (WC) | m3 | 1.44 × 10−4 | 2.49 × 10−5 |
Extraction Yield (%) | TPC (mg/g) | Vessel Capacity (m3) | COM of Extract (EUR/kg) | COM of Total Polyphenols (EUR/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lab Scale | |||||
CSE | 11.2 | 310.11 | 0.01 | 8981 | 28,961 |
UAE | 35.1 | 572.33 | 0.01 | 922 | 1611 |
Large Scale | |||||
UAE | -- | -- | 0.05 | 345 | 603 |
UAE | -- | -- | 0.10 | 340 | 595 |
UAE | -- | -- | 0.15 | 443 | 774 |
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Priyadarshini, A.; Tiwari, B.K.; Rajauria, G. Assessing the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Functional Food Ingredient Production Process. Processes 2022, 10, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030445
Priyadarshini A, Tiwari BK, Rajauria G. Assessing the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Functional Food Ingredient Production Process. Processes. 2022; 10(3):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030445
Chicago/Turabian StylePriyadarshini, Anushree, Brijesh K. Tiwari, and Gaurav Rajauria. 2022. "Assessing the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Functional Food Ingredient Production Process" Processes 10, no. 3: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030445