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Article

Use of Trochodendron Aralioides Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1M HCl Solutions

by
Prabu Baskar
1,
Periyasamy Rathinapriya
2 and
Mayakrishnan Prabakaran
3,*
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636 005, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2022, 10(8), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081480
Submission received: 28 June 2022 / Revised: 22 July 2022 / Accepted: 25 July 2022 / Published: 28 July 2022
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Abstract

:
Recently, there is an interesting discussion that has transpired around the world about the usage of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors. We report that to control corrosion in mild steel (MS) specimens in a 1M HCl medium, Trochodendron aralioides (T. aralioides) extract was used as an economical green corrosion inhibitor. The various tests, namely, potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to analyze the inhibition efficiency (IE) of the extract. The highest IE value of 96.42% was seen at 250 ppm, with the IE% increasing as the extract concentration increased. Potentiodynamic polarization suggests that T. aralioides plant extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. UV–visible (UV–Vis) and FT-IR spectroscopy were performed with the inhibitor to study the adsorption mechanism and surface analysis of the specimen, respectively. The results revealed that plant extracts form a protective film on the surface of the specimens, increasing inhibition and thereby reducing corrosion. Surface morphological studies such as AFM, EDX and SEM tests were performed in the presence and absence of the inhibitor with the results being analyzed by observing the surface of the metal.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

MS, also known as low carbon steel, (<0.15% of carbon) is extensively utilized in construction, fabrication and other industries due to its low cost, outstanding and easy availability, and mechanical properties such as malleability, high ductility and excellent mechanical resistance [1,2,3]. The major complications faced when using MS is its propensity for corrosion when exposed to aggressive media such as acidic (HCl, H2SO4), basic (NaOH, KOH) or saline atmospheres [4]. HCl is the most commonly used acid in industries for acid pickling, descaling, etc., and it is highly aggressive [3,5]. Corrosion causes deterioration of materials that leads to their destruction. It also reduces the lifespan of materials. Typically, the high cost generated by corrosion is reduced by galvanizing, applying coating or by using corrosion inhibitors. The method of using inhibitors to repress corrosion is highly effective even when added in small quantities in an extremely aggressive environment. A thin protective oxide film is created on the metal surface while using the inhibitor, which interacts with the surface physically, chemically, or a combination of both and limits cathodic and anodic reactions by hindering their active sites [6]. However, the usage of synthetic corrosion inhibitors is treacherous to the environment and uneconomical. Azoles are commonly used as synthetic corrosion inhibitors to prevent corrosion but due to the high cost, toxicity and negative impacts on the surroundings, their usage in areas such as engineering, science and technology are limited [7]. Alternatively, plant extracts are presently used as corrosion inhibitors to reduce the risk to surroundings caused by synthetic corrosion inhibitors. Plant extracts are widely used over synthetic organic inhibitors as they are nontoxic, economical, easily available, renewable and ecofriendly [8]. The exploration for new formulations of corrosion inhibitors to prevent corrosion should satisfy new industrial needs without any threat to society. Thus, using green corrosion inhibitors has a prospective future. Various studies revealed that aqueous plant extracts can be extracted by simple techniques, leading to high efficiency as they are based on naturally occurring biodegradable organic compounds [9].
Plant extracts are recovered from various parts of plants such as roots, leaves, fruits, stems and flowers. The abundance of chemical components such as polyphenols, polysaccharides and flavonoids increase the potential of plant extracts to inhibit corrosion in MS. Natural products contain functional groups such as –CHO, -C=O and -NH2 which are viable inhibitors. On the surface of metal, these compounds are absorbed and become a defensive layer to avert corrosion. Through a survey of the literature, it was concluded that due to the existence of some complicated organic species such as proteins, tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and amino acids in extract, the inhibition performance of plant extract was increased [10]. Inhibitory molecules contain heterocyclic compounds with functional groups such as sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) atoms and conjugated double bonds which are major adsorption centers. The four categories of adsorption on a metal solution interface are as follows: (a) electrostatic attraction among the charged molecules and charged metal, (b) contact of metal with uncharged electron sets in the molecule, (c) interface between the metal and π electrons and (d) association of (a) and (c) [11]. The IE of the materials while using green corrosion inhibitors depends on temperature, concentration of the extract and the corrosive media. According to the literature survey, it was found that IE when using green corrosion inhibitors was high compared to other inhibitors [12,13]. Some plant extracts used by researchers are Azadirachta indica [14], Prosopis juliflora [15], Salvia officinalis [16], Dendrocalamus brandisii [17], Hyptis suaveolens [18], kapok leaves extract [19], Mangifera indica [20], Stachys byzantine [21], Glycyrrhiza glabra [22], Cuminum cyminum [23], Brassica oleracea [24], Ceratonia siliqua [25], Gongronema latifoliuim [26], Inula viscosa [27], Armoracia rusticana [28] and Musa paradisiaca [29].
T. aralioides (wheel tree) is one of the species of the Trochodendraceae family (order Trochodendrales). It is native to the forests in Japan (Ryukyu Islands, Kyushu and Shikoku), Taiwan and Korea [30]. Its bark consists of a resinous matter known as “red bird-lime” [31]. It plays a vital part in the evolution of plants due to its primitive, less basal position. It is a unique plant as it lacks a distinguishable perianth and shows only high tepal-like scales [32]. In the wood, vessel elements are absent, which is typical of this type of angiosperm. Due to this factor, only some constituents including triterpenoids, steroids and lignans were found. The properties of Trochodendron such as growing in mild-warm temperatures, restricted elevational interludes and small intermittent populations make it difficult to envisage its sensitivity to climatic change [33]. In the secondary xylem of T. aralioides, being without water vessels serves as a unique feature; thus, several researchers have been curious to analyze the secondary metabolites. In the leaves of T. aralioides, various phytochemical components were identified [33], as shown in Figure 1. In this research, a T. aralioides type of green corrosion inhibitor was used on the MS specimen in 1M HCl. Tests were conducted at various concentrations to determine the IE of the plant extract, including weight loss, AAS, electrochemical measurement, FT-IR and UV–visible tests, and surface studies such as SEM, EDX and AFM studies.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and Methods

The chemical composition of the MS specimen comprised 0.051% carbon (C), 0.031% nickel (Ni), 0.19% manganese (Mg), 0.012% sulfur (S), 0.019% chromium (Cr), 0.018% phosphorous (P), 0.002% silicon (Si) and 0.008% molybdenum (Mo), with the remaining being iron (Fe). Methanol, HCl and acetone of AR grade were used to make 1M HCl using distilled water (triple). To measure weight loss and surface analysis, MS coupons of 3 × 1 × 0.5 cm dimensions were scraped with emery sheets, degreased in acetone, dried at room temperature, and stowed in desiccators to avoid moisture captivation. Various concentrations of inhibitors ranging between 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm were added to the HCl [34].

2.2. Corrosion Inhibitor Preparation

T. aralioides plants were acquired from Seoul, Republic of Korea. Initially, collected plants were washed with water to get rid of the presence of impurities, dried in an open atmosphere and powdered. Around 250 g of the dried fine powder was mixed with methanol and heated to the boiling point. The mixture was permitted to cool for one day and then filtered. After evaporation, pure extract was obtained. The resultant extract was used to prepare solutions of different concentrations from 50 to 250 ppm at an increment of 50 ppm by dissolving the extract in various acidic solvents [35].

2.3. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)

Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of T. aralioides were tested by following standard procedures [35]. Absorbance for total phenolic content was measured at 765 nm using the Optizen 2120 ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer (Mecasys, Daejeon, Korea) and the values were expressed as GAE (gallic acid equivalent) dry weight of the sample. The absorbance for total flavonoid content was measured at 506 nm. The standard used was quercetin.

2.4. Techniques Used

2.4.1. Weight Loss (WL) Analysis

The analysis was undertaken based upon the ASTM procedure. Weighted MS coupons were immersed in a 100 mL beaker solution containing the aggressive media 1M HCl and various concentrations in the presence and absence of T. aralioides (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm) for a duration of 3 h. After immersion, the steel coupons were brought out and cleaned in accordance with ASTM-31 and again weighed. The IE%, surface coverage (θ) area and corrosion rate were calculated. The corrosion rate (Cr) was calculated with the help of the following Equation (1):
Cr = Δw/st
where Δw is weight loss, s is area of the specimen and t is immersion time, whereas the unit of Cr is mg cm−2 h−1. The θ and IE% was estimated by the subsequent Equations (2) and (3) [36]:
I E ( % ) = ( W 0 − W i ) ( W 0 ) × 100  
θ = I E ( % ) 100
where W0 and Wi are the WL of the mild steel (MS) without and with the corrosion inhibitor, respectively [37].

2.4.2. Electrochemical Measurements

The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance curve were recorded with the Ivium CompactStat instrument. The test comprises three electrodes. The MS specimen was a working electrode, with the saturated calomel electrode being the reference electrode and platinum electrode being the counter electrode. The metal samples were submerged in 100 mL of 1M HCl in the presence and absence of various concentrations of the inhibitor (T. aralioides) at room temperature. At an open circuit potential (OCP), EIS was conducted in the frequency range and amplitude of 0.01 Hz–10 KHz and 25 mV, respectively. Tafel polarizations were performed over a potential range from −200 to +200 mV with an OCP, at a scan rate of 1 mV/s. Electrochemical parameters such as Cdl and Rct were calculated using a Nyquist plot. Corrosion current density, corrosion potential, cathodic Tafel slopes and anodic potential were obtained from the experiment.
I E ( % ) = ( I ′ c o r r − I c o r r ) ( I ′ c o r r ) × 100
where I’corr and Icorr are the corrosion currents without and with the inhibitor. IE based on AC impedance was determined with the help of the following equation:
I E ( % )   =   ( R c t   −   R c t ′ ) ( R c t )   × 100  
where Rct and R’ct are the corrosion currents without and with the green corrosion inhibitor [38].

2.5. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Studies (AAS)

The instrument used to conduct AAS was the model GB 908, (Australia). The technique was to discover the quantity of iron (Fe) dissolved in the MS in the presence of corrosive media (1M HCl) with different concentrations of extract (T. aralioides) for 180 min. The IE of the specimen tested was recorded using the following Equation (5):
IE (%) = B − A/B × 100
where B and A are the amounts of iron dissolved in the presence and absence of the inhibitor [39].

2.6. FT-IR and UV–Visible Analysis

The MS coupons were immersed in hydrochloric acid of the 1M solution in the presence and absence of 250 ppm of inhibitor at a temperature of 303 ± 1 K. After 3 h, the coupons were brought out and in atmospheric temperature were dried. The surface film formed on the surface of the MS coupons was scrapped carefully and analyzed via FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The equipment used for the analysis of FT-IR spectra and UV–Vis was the ATR-IRAffinity-1 (Shimadzu, Japan) and the LABINDIA instrument, the model UV 3000+, respectively; the results were recorded [40].

2.7. Surface Morphology

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL Model, Coimbatore, India), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (JEOL Model JSM-6390) and AFM tests were conducted for the MS coupons immersed in 1M HCl with and without T. aralioides extract for 3 h at 303 ± 1 K and rinsed with triple-distilled water. Subsequently, the test coupons were dried, and their morphologies observed [41].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. TFC and TPC Analysis

The TPC of T. aralioides was found to be 195 mg·g−1. TFC estimation was carried out by measuring the aluminum chloride–flavonoid complex formation. The TFC of 96 mg·g−1 was found for T. aralioides. The TFC and TPC of T. aralioides are presented in Figure 2. The T. aralioides extract was identified to comprise an appreciable quantity of flavonoids and phenols which increased corrosion IE.

3.2. Weight Loss Measurements

The measurement results of the specimens immersed in 1M HCl of several concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm) of the extract (T. aralioides) for a duration of 180 min at atmosphere temperature are presented in Table 1.
It was noticed that the IE% increased with a rise in the quantity of plant extract at room temperature. The IE% and Cr of the specimen at various amounts of the plant extract and various temperatures are presented in Table 2.
There is decreased IE with increase in temperature. Increases in IE were observed with the presence of the inhibitor, reduced corrosion and enhanced surface coverage (θ). The inhibitor formed a passivation layer on the specimen and acted as an adsorbent on the metal surface [42]. An increase in temperature desorbed the barrier layer formed on the metal surface, thereby reducing surface coverage and increasing corrosion [43,44]. Maximum IE was found for the highest concentration of the plant extract (250 ppm).

3.3. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

The AAS test was performed to analyze the dissolved ions in the corrodent solution with and without the inhibitor at various concentrations. Table 3 presents the obtained test results. The results revealed that the amount of dissolved iron decreased with the addition of a higher concentration of T. aralioides, protecting iron from the corrosive medium.

3.4. Electrochemical Studies

3.4.1. Potentiodynamic Polarization

Table 4 presents the electrochemical performance of the MS coupons immersed in (1M HCl) at various quantities (0, 50, 150 and 250 ppm) of the plant extract at 303 ± 1 K, which was studied using potentiodynamic polarization studies (anodic and cathodic). The increase in the concentration of extract resulted in the decreased corrosion current density (Icorr), signifying the development of a defensive coating on the MS specimen due to the inhibitor.
A shift in corrosion potential (Ecorr) was observed by comparing the polarization curves in the presence and absence of the extract. Anodic and cathodic reactions due to the green extract are shown in Figure 3. The cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction and anodic dissolution were reduced due to the addition of the plant extract, as both cathodic and anodic reactions were subsidized [45,46].
Technically, anodic polarization and cathodic polarization are the modification of anodic potential in the noble (positive) direction and the modification of cathodic potential in the active (negative) direction. The previous literature reveals that if the displacement in corrosion potential was more than 85 mV, then the inhibitor was treated either as an anodic/cathodic inhibitor, whereas if the transposition of the corrosion potential was inferior to 85 mV, then it was considered as a mixed inhibitor. Displacement of the corrosion potential of T. aralioides extract was found to be 99 mV, which was greater than 85 mV, indicating that the inhibitor was either cathodic or anodic [47]. IE was 87% at 250 ppm after immersion in 1M HCl for 3 h.

3.4.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

This analysis was performed to understand the electrode kinetic, mechanistic and surface properties of the MS coupons in the occurrence of the corrosion inhibitor, which are illustrated in Figure 4.
The Nyquist plot of the MS specimen immersed in 1M HCl at various concentrations is presented in Figure 4. The Nyquist plot consists of a semicircle and its center is known to have the rate of recurrence dispersion qualified to roughness and homogeneities on the surface of the metal [48]. The increase in the extract’s concentration resulted in an increased diameter of the semicircle. There is significant surface coverage, and strong bonding with the surface was found with the increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct) and the increase in the concentration of the inhibitor. The results in Table 5 indicate that the increased quantity of the inhibitor increases the charge transfer resistance and decreases the double layer capacitance due to the increased thickness of the electrical double layer.
These results showed that the inhibitor significantly adsorbed on the specimen surface [49]. The changes in the water molecules due to the extract adsorption on the metal surface reduced the dissolution level of metal, resulting in changes to the double layer capacitance (Cdl) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) [50,51] values. A Bode plot and phase diagram of the MS specimen submerged in 1M HCl with and without the inhibitor (T. aralioides) at varying concentrations (0, 50, 150 and 250 ppm) at 303 ± 1 K is presented in Figure 5.
It is evident from the plot that there is an increase in the phase angle shift with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor. Polarization resistance was equal to the variance among the low-frequency limit and high-frequency limit (HF). The capacitive behavior decreased with an increase in the phase angle shift, resulting in a decrease in the metal dissolution rate. Figure 6 represents the changes in the equivalent circuit, where Cdl is the double layer capacitance, Rs is the solution resistance and Rct is the charge transfer resistance. The IE of the extract was found from the Rct data.

3.5. UV–Visible Spectroscopic Analysis

UV–Vis spectroscopy is useful to ascertain the nature of compounds present in the extract [52]. The UV–Vis analysis indicates variations in the location of the absorbance and a difference in the greater absorbance value in the presence and absence of the extract at 250 ppm submerged in 1M HCl solution, while also indicating its complex formation. The obtained spectra are shown in Figure 7.
The transition in the uninhibited specimen was observed at 306 nm and the transition in the inhibited specimen at 398 and 662 nm, proving that the inhibitor formed as a thin layer on the surface of the metal due to the heteroatom of the functional groups in the plant extract (T. aralioides), which contributed electrons to the vacant d-orbital on the metal that formed coordinate bonds and donated π-electrons to this interaction [53].

3.6. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis

FT-IR spectroscopy measures the defensive film formation on the surface and classifies the type of compound absorbed [54]. The FT-IR spectra of the raw plant extract and scrapped specimen are illustrated in Figure 8.
The strong peak was seen at 3284.77 cm−1 corresponding to the -OH stretching vibration. The band for -C=C-, -C=O and -C-H stretching was observed at 1595.13 cm−1, 2042.61 cm−1 and 621.07 cm−1, respectively. The FT-IR spectrum of the scrapped specimen displayed a stretching frequency at 3248.12 cm−1, 2083.12 cm−1, 1608.63 cm−1 and 1058.91 cm−1, which are the performance of -OH, -C=O, -C=C- and -C-O-C- stretching vibrations, respectively. The shifts in stretching frequencies indicated that the inhibitor physically or chemically interacted on the surface of the metal. As per FT-IR data, the heteroatom of phytochemical constituents present in the inhibitor acted as a Lewis base and formed a protective layer on the metal’s surface preventing corrosion [55,56,57,58,59,60].

3.7. Surface Analysis

3.7.1. SEM and EDX

SEM analysis was carried out to examine variations on the metal’s surface in the occurrence of the presence and absence of the inhibitor. SEM analysis was conducted on the MS specimen submerged in 1M HCl with and without inhibitors at the highest concentration of 500 ppm for three hours. Figure 9a illustrates the surface morphology of the specimen in the absence of the inhibitor. The appearance of the surface was irregular and rough due to high corrosion. Figure 9b shows the MS specimen’s surface morphology in the presence of the inhibitor where a smooth surface was detected. The SEM image indicates that IE was increased by adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal’s surface [61,62,63,64].
EDX was implemented to discover the elements in the MS coupons that were in contact with the aggressive solution (1M HCl) in the presence and absence of the inhibitor. Table 6 exemplifies the test results.
The EDX spectrum showed the composition of MS to be iron (Fe), 82.54%; carbon (C), 1.32%; oxygen (O), 15.59%; and magnesium (Mg), 0.55% in the absence of the inhibitor, whereas its composition in the presence of the inhibitor included iron (Fe), 87.32%; carbon (C), 1.68%; oxygen (O), 10.25%; and magnesium (Mg), 0.75% for the extract’s concentration of 250 ppm. Interpreting the results revealed that after immersion for a duration of 3 h (presence of inhibitor), both oxygen and magnesium content was significantly reduced compared to in the absence of the inhibitor. The reduction in oxygen content shows a development of a protective layer on the metal’s surface due to the presence of active compounds in the T. aralioides extract (250 ppm) as a corrosion inhibitor [65,66,67].

3.7.2. Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy is a dynamic tool to analyze the morphology of the surface at micro and macro levels and to examine the position of the thin film formation on the metal’s surface. Figure 10 portrays the 3D AFM topography of the surface of the metal in the absence (Figure 10a) and presence (Figure 10b) of the inhibitor. The average roughness of MS exposed to the inhibitor-free 1M HCl is 278 nm and that exposed to inhibited acid is 103 nm. The reduction of average roughness indicates that the adsorbed wrapping zonal film of inhibitor molecules protects the metal from the direct attack of corrosive acid and, hence, prevents corrosion [68,69,70,71,72].

4. Conclusions

The extract of T. aralioides as a green corrosion inhibitor provided effective results and demonstrated that it was an anti-corrosive inhibitor for MS in 1M HCl. WL measurements revealed that IE increased with an increase in the concentration of the extract and decreased corrosion. An increase in temperature decreased surface coverage and IE. Maximum IE was found to be 96.42% of the MS specimen exposed to 1M HCl at a concentration of 250 ppm. Tafel polarization suggests that T. aralioides extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. EIS studies specified that corrosion inhibition occurs due to the adsorption process. Spectroscopic studies such as FT-IR and UV–Vis revealed the complex formation responsible for inhibition. Surface morphological studies such as AFM, SEM and EDX substantiated the development of a thin film on the surface of the metal, which ensured protection from corrosion and increased the inhibitor’s IE.

Author Contributions

P.B.: software, investigation, formal analysis, resources, writing—original draft, and visualization; P.R.: methodology, resources, data curation, methodology, resources, and data curation; M.P.: investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by the KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Processes 10 01480 g001 550
Figure 1. Structure of phytochemical constituents of T. aralioides.
Figure 1. Structure of phytochemical constituents of T. aralioides.
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Figure 2. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of T. aralioides.
Figure 2. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of T. aralioides.
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Figure 3. Tafel polarization plots at various concentrations of T. aralioides.
Figure 3. Tafel polarization plots at various concentrations of T. aralioides.
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Figure 4. Impedance for MS specimen in 1M HCl with and without various concentrations of T. aralioides.
Figure 4. Impedance for MS specimen in 1M HCl with and without various concentrations of T. aralioides.
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Figure 5. Bode and phase plot diagrams for the MS specimen in 1M HCl in various concentrations of T. aralioides.
Figure 5. Bode and phase plot diagrams for the MS specimen in 1M HCl in various concentrations of T. aralioides.
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Figure 6. Equivalent circuit model.
Figure 6. Equivalent circuit model.
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Figure 7. UV–visible spectra in (a) absence and (b) presence of T. aralioides.
Figure 7. UV–visible spectra in (a) absence and (b) presence of T. aralioides.
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Figure 8. FT-IR spectrum of (a) T. aralioides corrosion inhibitor and (b) scrapped specimen.
Figure 8. FT-IR spectrum of (a) T. aralioides corrosion inhibitor and (b) scrapped specimen.
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Figure 9. SEM images of MS: (a) absence of inhibitor and (b) presence of T. aralioides inhibitor extract.
Figure 9. SEM images of MS: (a) absence of inhibitor and (b) presence of T. aralioides inhibitor extract.
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Figure 10. AFM 3D images of MS specimen: (a) without corrosion inhibitor and (b) with corrosion inhibitor.
Figure 10. AFM 3D images of MS specimen: (a) without corrosion inhibitor and (b) with corrosion inhibitor.
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Table
Table 1. IE of T. aralioides for various concentrations against MS in 1M HCl at 303 ± 1 K by weight loss measurements.
Table 1. IE of T. aralioides for various concentrations against MS in 1M HCl at 303 ± 1 K by weight loss measurements.
Conc. (ppm)W (mg·cm−2)Cr (mg·cm−2 h−1)θIE%σa
Blank0.12310.0137---
500.05950.00660.516651.660.05
1000.03890.00430.683968.390.03
1500.02560.00280.792079.200.02
2000.01680.00190.863586.350.01
2500.00440.00050.964296.420.01
σa is the standard deviation.
Table
Table 2. IE of T. aralioides for various concentrations against MS in 1M HCl at various temperatures by WL measurement.
Table 2. IE of T. aralioides for various concentrations against MS in 1M HCl at various temperatures by WL measurement.
T (±1 K)Conc. (ppm)W (mg·cm−2)Cr (mg·cm−2 h−1)θIE%σa
Blank0.12000.0133---
500.06500.00720.458345.830.04
1000.04680.00520.610061.000.06
3131500.03040.00340.746674.660.01
2000.02130.00240.807580.750.05
2500.01500.00170.875087.500.01
Blank0.12550.0139---
500.07510.00830.401540.150.05
1000.05350.00590.573757.370.02
3231500.03930.00440.686868.680.03
2000.02850.00320.772977.290.04
2500.02100.00230.832683.260.03
Blank0.12500.0139---
500.08020.00890.358435.840.01
1000.06310.00700.495249.520.03
3331500.04590.00510.632863.280.02
2000.03710.00410.703270.320.01
2500.02930.00330.765676.560.04
Blank0.12510.0139---
500.09010.01000.279727.970.03
3431000.07110.00790.431643.160.01
1500.05330.00590.573957.390.02
2000.04840.00540.613161.310.02
2500.04000.00440.680268.020.01
σa is the standard deviation.
Table
Table 3. AAS study of T. aralioides in 1M HCl with and without inhibitor at different concentrations (303 ± 1 K).
Table 3. AAS study of T. aralioides in 1M HCl with and without inhibitor at different concentrations (303 ± 1 K).
Conc. (ppm)Amount of MS Corrodant (mg/I)IE%σa
Blank36.87--
5022.9537.750.02
10018.2250.580.04
15012.8865.060.03
20010.2172.300.01
25007.0180.980.02
σa is the standard deviation.
Table
Table 4. Potentiodynamic polarization for T. aralioides at selected concentrations in 1M HCl at 303 ± 1 K.
Table 4. Potentiodynamic polarization for T. aralioides at selected concentrations in 1M HCl at 303 ± 1 K.
Conc.Tafel Slopes (mV vs. dec)Ecorr
(mV)		Icorr
(µAcm−2)		IE
(%)
babc
Blank71122−717.71452-
5062135−778.046468
15060148−805.532777
25061144−816.818887
Table
Table 5. Impedance parameters for T. aralioides at selected concentrations in 1M HCl at 303 ± 1 K.
Table 5. Impedance parameters for T. aralioides at selected concentrations in 1M HCl at 303 ± 1 K.
Conc.Rct (Ω cm2)Cdl (Ω cm2)IE (%)
Blank11.1250.6-
5023.5144.752
15038.1220.871
25065.2616.883
Table
Table 6. Elemental composition of the MS specimen in the absence and presence of inhibitor.
Table 6. Elemental composition of the MS specimen in the absence and presence of inhibitor.
ElementsAbsence of Inhibitor (wt%)Presence of Inhibitor (wt%)
C1.3201.680
O15.5910.25
Mg0.5500.750
Fe82.5487.32
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Baskar, P.; Rathinapriya, P.; Prabakaran, M. Use of Trochodendron Aralioides Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1M HCl Solutions. Processes 2022, 10, 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081480

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Baskar P, Rathinapriya P, Prabakaran M. Use of Trochodendron Aralioides Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1M HCl Solutions. Processes. 2022; 10(8):1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081480

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Baskar, Prabu, Periyasamy Rathinapriya, and Mayakrishnan Prabakaran. 2022. "Use of Trochodendron Aralioides Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1M HCl Solutions" Processes 10, no. 8: 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081480

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