Production of Value-Added Products as Food Ingredients via Microbial Fermentation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Food Ingredients as the Fermentation Products
2.1. Enzymes
Inexpensive Feedstock | Products | Examples | Pretreatment Conditions | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agricultural waste | Enzymes | Crop straw, Poplar wood, sawdust | Grinding | [65,66] |
Other value-added products | Cattle dung, rice straw, wheat straw | Hydrothermal treatment, Mild chemical treatment | [67,68] | |
Food waste | Enzymes | Banana skin, bagasse | Sulfuric acid hydrolysis | [65,69] |
Monosaccharides | Wheat bran, coffee waste | Mild chemical treatment, Hydrothermal treatment | [70] | |
Other value-added products | Cucumber, tomato, lettuce, lemon peel | ultrasonic and ozone pretreatment | [71] | |
Oceanic seaweed | Lactic acid | Brown, red or green alga | Acid and/or enzymatic hydrolysis | [72] |
Other value-added products | Brown seaweed | Ethanol extraction | [73] |
Category | Value-Added Ingredient | Application in Food Industry | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Enzymes | Protease | Coagulation of milk, Bread quality enhancement, Meat tenderization, Brewing | [74] |
Amylase | Baking, Brewing, Clarification of fruit juices | [74] | |
Cellulase | Clarification of fruit juices, Animal feed | [74] | |
Hemicellulase | Beer improvement | [75] | |
Antimicrobials | Nisin | Shelf-life extension | [76] |
Lysozyme | Decreasing the microbial population in food | [76] | |
Natamycin | Inhibiting the growth of harmful mold | [77] | |
Vitamins | B2, B12, K | Improve food quality | [3] |
Sweeteners | Sugar Alcohols | Improve the flavor, health concerns, diabetic food industry | [78] |
Cultured meat | Non-animal-based meat | Vegetarian/vegan industry | [79] |
Stabilizers | Xanthan gum | Shelf-life extension | [80] |
Gellan | [80] | ||
Curdlan | [80] |
2.2. Antimicrobials
2.3. Vitamins
2.4. Organic Acids
2.5. Sweeteners
2.6. Flavonoids
2.7. Cultured Meat Products
2.8. Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
2.9. Amino Acids
2.10. Food Colorants
2.11. Antioxidants
2.12. Lipids and Fatty Acids
2.13. Alcohols
3. Inexpensive Substrates for Such Fermentations
3.1. Agricultural Wastes
3.2. Food Wastes
4. Conclusions and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Product | Microorganisms | Fermentation Mode | Productivity | Fermentation Conditions | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enzymes | Proteases | Bacillus subtilis B22 | Submerged | 334 ± 1.8 U/mL | 40 °C with pH: 8 and Agricultural waste materials | [10] |
Proteases | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CBMAI 1528 | Submerged | 280 ± 1.7 U/mL | 20 °C and a culture medium containing both glucose and casein peptone (20 and 10 g/L, respectively) | [11] | |
Proteases | Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4 | Submerged | 175 U/mL | 60 to 65 °C, pH 7 to 8, >1% NaCl with casein and yeast extract | [12] | |
Proteases | Aspergillus sydowii URM5774 | Submerged | 352.0 U/mL | pH 8.0 at 45 °C with coffee ground residues | [13] | |
Proteases | Bacillus mojavensis | Submerged | 78.7% | pH 9.08, temperature 39.74 °C with eggshells and membrane-based substrates | [14] | |
Lipase | A. niger | Submerged | 1.55 U/mL | soluble starch 4%, (NH4)2SO4 0.1%, K2HPO4 0.1%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%, peptone 3%, olive oil 1.05%. pH 7. Temperature 30 °C, agitation 213 rpm | [15] | |
Lipase | Penicillium fellutanum | Submerged | 1038.86 U/gds | pH 5.0, incubation time 24 h, temperature 35 °C | [16] | |
Glucoamylase | Aspergillus niger van Tieghem | Submerged | 274.4 U/mL | 51.82 g L−1 malt extract, 9.27 g L−1 CaCl2·2H2O and 0.50 g L−1 FeSO4.7H2O 30 °C and 150 rpm | [17] | |
α-amylase | Aspergillus oryzae | Solid-State | 10,994.74 U/gds | edible oil cakes, temperature of 32.5 °C, pH of 4.5, moisture content of 64% | [18] | |
Cellulase | A. niger (NRRL 330) | Submerged | 0.54 ± 0.02 IU/mL | pH: 5, Temperature: 30 °C, Peptone: 5 g/L, Yeast extract: 16.5 g/L and Ammonium sulfate: 1.9 g/L | [19] | |
Hemicellulase | A. niger (NRRL 330) | Submerged | 48.71 ± 2.05 IU/mL | pH: 5, Temperature: 30 °C, Peptone: 5 g/L, Yeast extract: 16.5 g/L and Ammonium sulfate: 1.9 g/L | [19] | |
Antimicrobials | Nisin | Lactococcus lactis | Submerged | 523.5 ± 256.7 IU/mL | D-glucose (80 g/L), peptone (10 g/L), YE (10 g/L), KH2PO4 (10 g/L), NaCl (2 g/L), and MgSO4∙7H2O (0.2 g/L), at 32 °C | [20] |
lysozyme | Kluyveromyces lactis K7 | Submerged | 141 U/mL | 25 °C, pH 4, no aeration | [21] | |
lysozyme | Kluyveromyces lactis K7 | Submerged | 173 U/mL | 16.3% lactose, 1.2% casamino acid, 0.8% yeast nitrogen, no pH control, 25 °C, 150 rpm, and no aeration | [22] | |
lysozyme | Pichia pastoris GS115 | Submerged | 14,680 ± 300 U/mL | 28 °C Temperature, 250 rpm agitation | [23] | |
Vitamins | Vitamin B12 | Propionibacterium freudenreichii DSM 20271 and Levilactobacillus brevis | Submerged | 742 ng/g dw | 200 rpm at 25 °C | [24] |
Vitamin K | Bacillus subtilis natto | Submerged | 12.09 mg/L | temperature (35 °C), agitation (200 rpm) and pH (6.58) | [25] | |
Vitamin K | Bacillus subtilis natto (NF1) | Submerged | 28.7 ± 0.3 mg/L | aeration (1 vvm), agitation (200 rpm for glycerol and 234 rpm for glucose), pH (6.48 for glucose and 6.6 for glycerol), and temperatures (30 °C for glucose and 35 °C for glycerol) | [26] | |
Organic acids | Lactic acid | Lactobacillus casei | Submerged | 59.27 g/L | yeast extract was 31.35 (g/L) | [27] |
Lactic acid | Lactobacillus plantarum 23 | Submerged | 14.2 g/L/h | pH 5.0 and 200 rpm agitation | [28] | |
Propionic acid | Mixed bacterial culture | Submerged | 26.5 g/L | pH 6, 30 °C | [29] | |
Sweeteners | Arabitol | Candida parapsilosis SK26.002 Mutant A6 | Submerged | 32.92 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 4.0, %4 initial inoculum and 200 rpm in shake flask with medium containing 200 g/L glucose and 30 g/L yeast extract | [30] |
Arabitol | Yarrowia lipolytica ARA9 | Submerged | 118.5 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 5.0, 600 rpm agitation speed and 1.0 vvm aeration rate. Medium containing 200 g/L crude glycerol, 3.7 g/L (NH4)2SO4 and 2 g/L yeast extract | [31] | |
Erythritol | Yarrowia lipolytica M53-S | solid state fermentation | 190.5 mg/gds | 30 °C, 70% initial moisture content, pH: 4.0, 7.5 × 104 cells/gds inoculum size and supplemented with 0.02 g/gds NaCl. Medium containing 60% peanut press cake and 40% sesame meal supplemented with 4% biochar and 20% concentrated enzymatic hydrolysate of the defatted Schizochytrium residue | [32] | |
Erythritol | Moniliella pollinis MUCL 40570 | Submerged | 106.40 ± 0.42 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 5.5, 3% (v/v) initial inoculum and 200 rpm in shake flask. Sugarcane molasses media: 300 g/L total sugar conc. and 5 g/L yeast extract. Beet molasses media: 200 g/L total sugar and 0.67 g/L yeast extract. Grape musts media: 200 g/L total sugar and 6.7 g/L yeast extract. | [33] | |
Erythritol | Moniliella pollinis CBS 461.67 | Submerged Fed-Batch | 94 g/L | 30 °C, inital pH: 6.5–6.8 (not controlled during fermentation), 150 rpm agitation speed and 1.0 vvm aeration rate. Sugarcane juice medium: 175 g/L total sugar and 1.63 g/L Moniliella culture lysate. Molasses medium: 219.8 g/L total sugar and 1.63 g/L Moniliella culture lysate | [34] | |
Mannitol | Leuconostoc citreum TR116 | Submerged | 61.6 g/L | 30 °C, inital pH: 6.5, 1.0% (v/v) initial inoculum and 120 rpm agitation speed. MRS5 medium containing 100.0 g/L fructose and 50.0 g/L glucose. Apple juice medium supplemented with 2.0 g/L yeast extract | [35] | |
Mannitol | Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693 | Submerged | 80 g/L | 37 °C, inital pH: 6.0 and 100 rpm agitation speed. Red must medium containing 155.3 g/L sugar, 7.48 g/L yeast extract and 0.047 g/L MnSO4·H2O and white must medium containing 175.7 g/L sugar, 7.54 g/L yeast extract and 0.088 g/L MnSO4·H2O | [36] | |
Oligosaccharides | Fructooligosagharides | Aspergillus oryzae DIA–MF | Solid state fermentation | 7.64 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 4.5, 70% initial moisture content and 2.0 × 107 spores/g substrat inoculum size. Different fermentation medium including sugarcane bagasse, coffee husk, pineapple peel, prickle pear peel and banana peel waste supplemented with aguamiel | [37] |
Fructooligosagharides | Bacillus aryabhattai GYC2-3 | Submerged | 26 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 8.0, 5% (v/v) inoculum containing 1 × 106 CFU/mL and 150 rpm in shake flask with medium containing 250 g/L sucrose | [38] | |
Fructooligosagharides | Mutant strain of Aspergillus oryzae S719 (overexpressed FTase genes) | Submerged | 586 ± 4.7 g/L | 50 °C, pH: 6.0, 160 rpm agitation speed and 1.0 g/L mycelium as inoculum. Medium containing 900 g/L sucrose | [39] | |
Mannooligosagharide | recombinant Aspergillus sojae AsT3 | solid state fermentation | 983.53 U/mg | 30 °C, pH: 7.0, 1:3 (w/v) solid-to-liquid ratiot and 7.0% inoculum size. Different fermentation medium including 5 g of wheat bran, rye bran, oat husk, barley husk supplemented with 4 g/L yeast extract | [5] | |
Polysaccharides | Glucan | Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT 3966 | Submerged | 0.047 g/g | 28 °C, pH: 7.0, 105 CFU/m inoculum and 200 rpm in shake flask. Fermentation medium including Sugarcane straw hydrolysate (40 g/L glucose concentration) | [40] |
Glucan | Candida utilis ATCC 9950 | Submerged | 82% | 28 °C, 10.0% (v/v) inoculum, 200 rev/min agitation and 2.5 vvm aeration. Medium containing Deproteinated Potato Juice Water (pH 5.0 ± 0.2) supplemented with 10% of glycerol | [41] | |
Glucan | Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI | Submerged | 1.06 g/L | 28 °C, pH: 5.5, 10.0 mL inoculum and 150 rpm in shake flask. Medium including soybean molasses (20 g/L total sugar) | [42] | |
Glucan | T-DNA − based mutant Aureobasidium pullulans CGMCC 19650 | Submerged | 78.6% | 30 °C, pH: 3.8, 10.0% (v/v) inoculum, 400 rpm agitation speed and 1.0 vvm aeration rate. Medium containing 50 g/L glucose, 3.0 g/L yeast extract | [43] | |
Pullulan | Aureobasidium pullulans MTCC 2013 | Submerged | 24.77 ± 1.06 g/L | 28 °C, pH: 6.5, 5.0% of 1 × 108 cells inoculum and 150 rpm in shake flask. Medium including hydrolyzed kitchen waste supplemented with 0.25% peptone and yeast extract | [44] | |
Pullulan | Aureobasidium pullulans CCTCC M 2012259 | Submerged | 50 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 3.8, 10.0% (v/v) inoculum, 400 rpm agitation speed and 1.0 vvm aeration rate. M1 containing 51.59 g/L cassava starch and 4.40 g/L corn steep liquor powder. M2 containing 51.75 g/L cassava starch and 9.47 mL/L soybean meal hydrolysate | [45] | |
Pullulan | Aerobasidiom pullulans KY 767024 | Submerged | 19.45 ± 0.40 g/L | 28 °C, pH: 5.5, 10.0% inoculum in shake flask. Medium including corn bran hydrolysates 20% (w/v) yeast extract 0.2% (w/v) | [46] | |
Pullulan | Aureobasidium pullulans FB-1 | Submerged | 4.8%, w/v | 30 °C, pH: 6.5 5.0% (v/v) inoculum, 300 rpm agitation and 0.75 vvm aeration. Medium containing 50 g/L sucrose, 2.0 g/L yeast extract | [47] | |
Amino Acids | Glutamic acid | Corynebacterium glutamicum NCIM 2168 | Submerged | 16.49 g/L | 30 °C, 5.0% (v/v) inoculum and 200 rpm in shake flask. Medium containing 50 g/L glucose, 10 g/L urea and 19.24% of salt solution | [48] |
Glutamic acid | Corynebacterium glutamicum PTCC 1532 | Submerged | 19.84 mg/mL | 30 °C, pH: 7.0, 10 mL of the overnight culture inoculum, 180 rpm in shake flask. Medium containing 90 g/L glucose, 9 µg/L biotin and 3 g/L urea | [49] | |
methionine | Genetically engineered Escherichia coli W3110-BL | Submerged | 1.48 g/L | 37 °C, 5.0% (v/v) inoculum, 1.4 vvm aeration rate and agitation controlled DO 20%. Medium containing 120 g/L glucose, 50 mg/L L-lysine, 100 mg/mL Amp, and 0.1 mmol/L isopropyl b-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside | [7] | |
methionine | Recombinant Escherichia coli | Submerged (Fed-Batch) | 3.22 g/L | 30 °C, pH: 7.0, 10 mL of the overnight culture inoculum, 180 rpm in shake flask. Medium containing 20 g/L glucose, 2 g/L yeast extract, 0.01 g/L L-lysine and 1.0 mL/L salt solutiın | [50] | |
tryptophan | Genetically engineered Escherichia coli TS-10 | Submerged | 1.710 g/L | Tryptophan fermentation was carried out in shake flask with lysogeny broth medium for 48 h | [51] | |
tryptophan | Pediococcus acidilactici TP-6 | Submerged | 68.05 mg/L | 30 °C, 10.0% (v/v) inoculum in shake flask. Medium containing 14.06 g/L molasses, 23.68 g/L meat extract, 5.56 g/L urea 0.024 g/L and FeSO4 | [52] | |
tryptophan | Genetically modified Escherichia coli CCTCC M20211388 | Submerged | 52.1 g/L | 35 °C, pH: 7.0, 20 mL (OD600: 1.0) inoculum, aeration rate and agitation controlled DO 20–30%. Medium containing 20 g/L glucose, 1 g/L yeast extract and 2 g/L sodium citrate | [53] | |
Lysine | Metanolic engineered C. glutamicum | Submerged (Fed-Batch) | 221.3 ± 17.6 g/L | fermentation was carried out in bioreactor with 10% (v/v) inoculum. Medium containing 80 g/L glucose, 40 g/L beet | [54] |
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Iram, A.; Ozcan, A.; Turhan, I.; Demirci, A. Production of Value-Added Products as Food Ingredients via Microbial Fermentation. Processes 2023, 11, 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061715
Iram A, Ozcan A, Turhan I, Demirci A. Production of Value-Added Products as Food Ingredients via Microbial Fermentation. Processes. 2023; 11(6):1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061715
Chicago/Turabian StyleIram, Attia, Ali Ozcan, Irfan Turhan, and Ali Demirci. 2023. "Production of Value-Added Products as Food Ingredients via Microbial Fermentation" Processes 11, no. 6: 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061715