Influences of Cosolvents and Antifreeze Additives Derived from Glycerol through Esterification on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Preparing the Antifreeze from Bioglycerol
2.2. Analysis of Fuel Characteristics of Blended Biodiesel
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Irradiated UV Light and Molar Ratio on Fuel Characteristics of Glycerine Acetate
3.1.1. Effect of Irradiated UV Light and Molar Ratio on Freezing Point of Glycerine Acetate
3.1.2. Effect of UV-Light Irradiation and Molar Ratio on Compositions of Glycerine Acetate
3.2. Analysis of Fuel Properties
3.2.1. Kinematic Viscosity
3.2.2. Heating Value
3.2.3. Acid Value
3.2.4. Cetane Index
3.2.5. Cold Filter Plugging Point
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The antifreeze of glycerine acetate, which was produced from the reactant mixture of acetic acid/glycerol at a molar ratio of 8 under UV-light irradiation, appeared to have the lowest freezing point, −46.36 °C. The UV-light irradiation on the TiO2/SO42− photocatalyst surface rendered higher diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) but lower monoacylglycerol (MAG) production than those without UV-light irradiation.
- (2)
- The lowest cold filter plugging point (CFPP) was observed when the mixture of 0.25 vol.% methanol/antifreeze of glycerine acetate was added to the biodiesel, which decreased from 3 °C of the neat biodiesel to −2 °C of the blended biodiesel. The CFPP of the blended biodiesel only decreased to 1 °C if the cosolvent butanol was used instead.
- (3)
- The kinematic viscosity and CFPP decreased while the cetane index and acid value increased with the increase in the volumetric ratio of cosolvent/glycerine acetate added to the biodiesel.
- (4)
- The increase in the volumetric ratio of cosolvent/glycerine acetate increased the heating value of butanol while decreasing that of methanol for the blended biodiesel.
- (5)
- The cosolvent butanol in the blended biodiesel caused a higher CFPP, kinematic viscosity, and heating value but a lower acid value and cetane index than the cosolvent methanol.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Properties | Glycerol |
---|---|
Chemical formula | C3H8O3 |
Boiling point (°C) | 290 |
Melting point (°C) | 17.9 |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.26 |
Absolute viscosity (Pa·s) | 1.5 |
Flash point (°C) | 160 |
Physical Properties | TiO2 |
---|---|
Average surface area (m2/g) | 124.7 |
Specific primary particle size (nm) | 50.5 |
pH value in 4% dispersion | 3.5–4.5 |
TiO2 content (%) | >99.5 |
Al2O3 content (%) | <0.3 |
HCL content (%) | <0.3 |
Physical Properties | Triacylglycerols (TAGs) | Diacylglycerols (DAGs) | Monoacylglycerols (MAGs) |
---|---|---|---|
Molecular weight (g/mol) | 218.78 | 176.17 | 134.13 |
Boiling point (°C) | 260 | 280 | 258 |
Flash point (°C) | 142 | 140 | 145 |
Freezing point (°C) | −78 | −30 | 18 |
Specific gravity (at 25 °C) | 1.158 | 1.187 | 1.21 |
Physical Properties | Butanol | Methanol | Glycerine Acetate |
---|---|---|---|
Specific gravity (at 15 °C) | 0.81 | 0.79 | 1.16 |
Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s, at 40 °C) | 2.2 | 0.58 | 5.15 |
Flash point (°C) | 35 | 12 | 140 |
Heating value (MJ/kg) | 34.47 | 13.93 | 17.02 |
Physical Properties | Neat Biodiesel | Biodiesel with 5 vol.% Glycerine Acetate |
---|---|---|
Specific gravity (at 15 °C) | 0.876 | 0.882 |
Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s, at 40 °C) | 4.281 | 4.290 |
Heating value (MJ/kg) | 40.81 | 39.62 |
Acid value (mg KOH/g) | 0.382 | 0.375 |
CFPP (°C) | 3 | 2 |
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Lin, C.-Y.; Chen, Y.-C. Influences of Cosolvents and Antifreeze Additives Derived from Glycerol through Esterification on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel. Processes 2024, 12, 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020419
Lin C-Y, Chen Y-C. Influences of Cosolvents and Antifreeze Additives Derived from Glycerol through Esterification on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel. Processes. 2024; 12(2):419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020419
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Cherng-Yuan, and Yun-Chih Chen. 2024. "Influences of Cosolvents and Antifreeze Additives Derived from Glycerol through Esterification on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel" Processes 12, no. 2: 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020419