Analyzing the Effect of Extraction Parameters on Phenolic Composition and Selected Compounds in Clove Buds Using Choline Chloride and Lactic Acid as Extraction Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents-like Mixtures
2.4. Design of Experiment
2.5. Extraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents-like Mixtures
2.6. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
2.7. HPLC Determination of Eugenol, Eugenol Acetate, β-Caryophyllene
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eugenol | Eugenol Acetate | β-Caryophyllene | |
---|---|---|---|
HPLC system suitability parameters a | |||
Retention time (tR, min) | 7.36 | 9.09 | 17.54 |
Repeatability RSD (%) tR | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.22 |
Repeatability RSD (%) A | 1.65 | 1.05 | 1.59 |
Peak symmetry | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.15 |
HEPT (µm) | 17.27 | 9.33 | 2.26 |
RS | 7.53 | 39.12 | |
Validation parameters | |||
Calibration curve | A = 145.32 + 18,809.18 × c | A = 101.13 + 10,523.43 × c | A = 23.55 + 46,563.62 × c |
R2 | 0.9998 | 0.9989 | 0.9990 |
Linear range (µg/mL) b | 100–1000 | 100–1000 | 15.5–100 |
LOD (µg/mL) c | 7.7 | 16.6 | 5.1 |
LOQ (µg/mL) c | 23.2 | 50.3 | 15.5 |
Factor | −1.682 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1.682 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1 | 40 | 48.11 | 60 | 71.89 | 80 |
x2 | 5.63 | 12.6 | 22.8 | 33.0 | 40 |
x3 | 30 | 42 | 60 | 77 | 90 |
Trial No. | Sample No. | Factor x1 | Factor x2 | Factor x3 | TPC (mg GAE/g Dry Raw Material) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Clove_1 | 48.11 | 12.6 | 42 | 48.8 |
2 | Clove_2 | 71.89 | 12.6 | 42 | 33.4 |
3 | Clove_3 | 48.11 | 33.0 | 42 | 89.1 |
4 | Clove_4 | 71.89 | 33.0 | 42 | 80.5 |
5 | Clove_5 | 48.11 | 12.6 | 78 | 40.7 |
6 | Clove_6 | 71.89 | 12.6 | 78 | 34.6 |
7 | Clove_7 | 48.11 | 33.0 | 78 | 70.3 |
8 | Clove_8 | 71.89 | 33.0 | 78 | 75.9 |
9 | Clove_9 | 40.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 43.4 |
10 | Clove_10 | 80.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 31.6 |
11 | Clove_11 | 60.00 | 5.63 | 60 | 39.5 |
12 | Clove_12 | 60.00 | 40.0 | 60 | 111.9 |
13 | Clove_13 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 30 | 55.8 |
14 | Clove_14 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 90 | 56.8 |
15 | Clove_15 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 59.8 |
16 | Clove_16 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 55.9 |
17 | Clove_17 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 59.4 |
18 | Clove_18 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 74.3 |
19 | Clove_19 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 67.4 |
20 | Clove_20 | 60.00 | 22.8 | 60 | 76.2 |
Coefficient | TPC |
---|---|
* b0 | 65.164 |
b1 | 0.869 |
* b2 | 24.646 |
* b3 | −6.214 |
* b11 | −7.745 |
* b12 | 9.337 |
b13 | −4.086 |
* b22 | 5.780 |
* b23 | −9.064 |
b33 | −1.080 |
No. | Eugenol | Eugenol Acetate | β-Caryophyllene |
---|---|---|---|
(mg/g) * | |||
1 | 168.61 | 11.63 | 0.87 |
2 | 200.70 | 18.93 | 0.89 |
3 | 216.14 | 15.23 | 0.96 |
4 | 218.51 | 13.96 | 0.46 |
5 | 196.01 | 19.64 | 1.05 |
6 | 205.67 | 18.08 | 0.64 |
7 | 222.11 | 14.22 | 0.76 |
8 | 217.64 | 13.08 | 0.22 |
9 | 222.99 | 20.45 | 0.46 |
10 | 211.89 | 18.51 | 0.37 |
11 | 188.14 | 19.63 | 1.09 |
12 | 218.41 | 32.70 | 0.57 |
13 | 307.26 | 28.64 | 0.56 |
14 | 221.18 | 18.53 | 0.27 |
15 | 211.18 | 17.87 | 0.51 |
16 | 215.14 | 18.23 | 0.37 |
17 | 210.66 | 17.60 | 0.45 |
18 | 218.22 | 19.29 | 0.31 |
19 | 209.85 | 17.55 | 0.22 |
20 | 208.67 | 17.37 | 0.39 |
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Strižincová, P.; Šurina, I.; Jablonský, M.; Majová, V.; Ház, A.; Hroboňová, K.; Špačková, A. Analyzing the Effect of Extraction Parameters on Phenolic Composition and Selected Compounds in Clove Buds Using Choline Chloride and Lactic Acid as Extraction Agents. Processes 2024, 12, 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040653
Strižincová P, Šurina I, Jablonský M, Majová V, Ház A, Hroboňová K, Špačková A. Analyzing the Effect of Extraction Parameters on Phenolic Composition and Selected Compounds in Clove Buds Using Choline Chloride and Lactic Acid as Extraction Agents. Processes. 2024; 12(4):653. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040653
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrižincová, Petra, Igor Šurina, Michal Jablonský, Veronika Majová, Aleš Ház, Katarína Hroboňová, and Andrea Špačková. 2024. "Analyzing the Effect of Extraction Parameters on Phenolic Composition and Selected Compounds in Clove Buds Using Choline Chloride and Lactic Acid as Extraction Agents" Processes 12, no. 4: 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040653