Simulation Study on Rock Crack Expansion in CO2 Directional Fracturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Parameter Calibration
2.1.1. Samples for Laboratory Testing
2.1.2. Samples for Numerical Simulation
2.2. Model Establishment
2.3. CO2 Fracturing Loading Settings
2.3.1. CO2 Dynamics Loading
2.3.2. Dynamic Boundary Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. Characteristics of Crack Network
- (1)
- Direction Influence: In samples without directional cracks, crack formation around the blasting borehole is random and primarily depends on the weak structure of the material. Directional cracks cause the crack direction to deviate, mainly expanding along the prefabricated cracks.
- (2)
- Development Promotion: Directional cracks promote the development of larger failure areas with a greater extension range, resulting in a more concentrated crack network.
- (3)
- Increased Microcracks: The sample without directional cracks generated 184,514 microcracks, whereas the sample with directional cracks generated 186,173 microcracks. This shows that prefabricated cracks significantly impact crack propagation, resulting in a deeper internal crack network in the oriented crack specimen.
3.3. Surface Displacement
3.4. Vertical Section Displacement of the Blast Hole
3.5. Radial Vertical Section Displacement
4. Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In samples without directional cracks, cracks around the blasting borehole form randomly, largely influenced by the weak structure of the rock material. Introducing directional cracks causes cracks to propagate along the prefabricated crack direction. In the simulated conditions, the directional crack model showed a reduction in bonding keys to 2.72 × 105, indicating an increase of 1659 cracks compared to the non-directional crack model.
- (2)
- As fracturing progresses, the tip of the directional crack initially shows an elliptical displacement pattern on the specimen’s surface. This pattern gradually transitions into an umbrella-shaped distribution of progressive failure, symmetrically developing. The maximum displacement reaches −4.153 mm.
- (3)
- Based on the simulation results, using the discrete element method effectively replicates the dynamic expansion of fracture networks throughout each stage of the CO2 fracturing process. This method serves as a foundation for studying the mechanism behind CO2-induced rock fracturing.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Particle Parameter | Values | Bonding Parameter | Values |
---|---|---|---|
Minimum particle radius (mm) | 0.5 | knContact | 0.8 × 106 |
Maximum particle radius (mm) | 1.5 | ksContact | 0.6 × 106 |
Particle density (kg/m3) | 1500 | pbkncontact | 3.0 × 1010 |
Contact damping | 0.7 | pbkscontact | 4.0 × 1010 |
Friction coefficient | 0.5 | tenPbond | 1.0 × 106 |
cohPbond | 1.1 × 106 | ||
fapbond | 30 | ||
gapbond | 1.0 × 10−6 | ||
fricContract | 0.2 |
Model | Destructive Forms | |
---|---|---|
Real | Numerical | |
non-prefabricated cracks | ||
prefabricated cracks |
Model | Frontal Section | Lateral Section |
---|---|---|
non-prefabricated cracks | ||
prefabricated cracks |
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Wang, K.; Chang, C. Simulation Study on Rock Crack Expansion in CO2 Directional Fracturing. Processes 2024, 12, 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091813
Wang K, Chang C. Simulation Study on Rock Crack Expansion in CO2 Directional Fracturing. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091813
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Kang, and Chunguang Chang. 2024. "Simulation Study on Rock Crack Expansion in CO2 Directional Fracturing" Processes 12, no. 9: 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091813