Sustainable Utilization of Novosadska variety Buckwheat as Cultivated Biodiversity-Friendly Crop
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Storage Conditions
2.2. Chemicals, Reagents, and Standards
2.3. Determination of Chemical and Nutritional Properties
2.4. Extraction Process
2.5. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.6. Determination of Phenolic Acids and Bioflavonoids Profiles—HPLC Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical, Chemical, and Nutritional Properties
3.2. Potential of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity
3.3. Phenolic Acids and Bioflavonoids Profiles
4. Discussion
4.1. Physicochemical, Chemical, and Nutritional Properties
4.2. Potential of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity
4.3. Phenolic Acids and Bioflavonoids Profiles
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | Linearity, Equation of a Straight Line, R2 | Repeatability (RSD, %) * | Limit of Repeatability (μg/g DM) * | Bias, % | LOD (μg/g DM) * | LOQ (μg/g DM) * | MU, Uexp (%) * |
Phenolic acids | |||||||
Gallic acid | P = 30,578.9 × C − 162,570, 0.9997 | 8.0 | 20.87 | 8.8 | 0.34 | 1.04 | 16.4 |
Dihydrocaffeic acid | P = 9498.89 × C − 56,038.4, 0.9997 | 10.1 | 4.59 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 0.76 | 20.4 |
Chlorogenic acid | P = 35,960.3 × C − 197,214, 0.9998 | 9.7 | 2.70 | −5.0 | 0.34 | 1.03 | 19.7 |
Caffeic acid | P = 63,744.5 × C − 354,944, 0.9997 | 10.1 | 10.82 | 1.9 | 0.35 | 1.07 | 20.4 |
Phloretic acid | P = 5931.32 × C − 30,952.6, 0.9998 | 9.3 | 8.57 | −0.1 | 0.33 | 0.98 | 18.8 |
p-Coumaric acid | P = 59,917.0 × C − 321,082, 0.9998 | 7.0 | 19.69 | 9.8 | 0.33 | 0.98 | 14.4 |
Ferulic acid | P = 61,344.4 × C − 338,195, 0.9998 | 6.7 | 10.61 | 4.9 | 0.33 | 0.99 | 13.8 |
Hesperetic acid | P = 66,213.6 × C − 362,089, 0.9998 | 8.0 | 5.6 | −2.0 | 0.32 | 0.98 | 16.3 |
trans-Cinnamic acid | P = 110,419 × C − 463,141, 0.9987 | 5.1 | 12.71 | 3.0 | 0.79 | 2.40 | 10.7 |
Bioflavonoids | |||||||
Catechin | P = 8304.41 × C − 46,342.0, 0.9997 | 8.4 | 11.70 | −7.7 | 0.38 | 1.15 | 17.1 |
Epicatechin | P = 8107.73 × C − 52,057.6, 0.9998 | 8.3 | 18.00 | −6.4 | 0.33 | 1.01 | 16.9 |
Daidzein | P = 28,430.8 × C + 11,326.8, 0.9996 | 7.2 | 12.12 | 3.9 | 0.39 | 1.18 | 14.8 |
Quercetin | P = 14,806.9 × C + 51,060.0, 0.9935 | 9.6 | 5.49 | −5.0 | 0.41 | 1.24 | 19.5 |
Naringin | P = 21,336.8 × C − 121,518, 0.9998 | 7.2 | 10.11 | −3.1 | 0.34 | 1.04 | 14.8 |
Naringenin | P = 44,072.3 × C − 404,501, 0.9986 | 6.3 | 6.78 | 6.4 | 0.82 | 2.48 | 13.0 |
Item | ||
---|---|---|
Instrument | Parameters | Results |
Pump | Flow precision, %RSD | 0.18 |
Flow accuracy (bias), % | 1 | |
Gradient accuracy (bias) AB/CD port, % | −2.3–1.1 | |
Injector | Injected volume precision, %RSD | 0.08 |
Injected volume linearity | R2 = 1.0000; 0.78%RSD | |
Carry-over, % | 0.000349 | |
Column | Temperature precision, %RSD | −0.75 |
Temperature accuracy (bias), % | −0.8 | |
Temperature stability, Δt | 0.2 °C | |
Detector | Linearity response | R2 = 0.9999; 1.22%RSD |
Wavelength accuracy, % | 100 | |
Noise, AU | <5.0 × 10−5 | |
Drift, AU/h | <2.0 × 10−3 |
n = 9 | Storage Time (S) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Freshly Harvested Seed | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months |
Moisture, % | 10.21 ± 0.006 d | 9.09 ± 0.020 c | 7.89 ± 0.066 b | 6.02 ± 0.021 a |
Total protein, % DM | 13.46 ± 0.344 b | 12.62 ± 0.590 ab | 12.25 ± 0.336 a | 11.57 ± 0.448 a |
Total lipids, % DM | 3.44 ± 0.152 b | 2.99 ± 0.303 ab | 2.64 ± 0.235 a | 2.99 ± 0.050 ab |
Total ash, % DM | 1.97 ± 0.020 | 2.01 ± 0.020 | 1.94 ± 0.010 | 1.96 ± 0.050 |
Total carbohydrates, % DM | 81.13 ± 0.510 a | 82.38 ± 0.676 ab | 83.17 ± 0.465 b | 83.48 ± 0.370 b |
Starch, % DM | 62.55 ± 0.105 c | 49.12 ± 0.315 a | 47.67 ± 0.737 a | 52.12 ± 1.342 b |
β-glucan, % DM | 0.050 ± 0.0013 b | 0.030 ± 0.0012 a | 0.100 ± 0.0028 c | 0.120 ± 0.0027 d |
Energy value, kJ/100 g | 1558 ± 2.5 a | 1569 ± 6.1 a | 1584 ± 5.1 b | 1623 ± 1.2 c |
pH value | 6.74 ± 0.059 c | 6.63 ± 0.046 b | 6.22 ± 0.025 a | 6.19 ± 0.021 a |
Alcoholic acidity, % DM (as H2SO4) | 0.86 ± 0.028 c | 0.65 ± 0.035 b | 0.67 ± 0.025 b | 0.53 ± 0.031 a |
n = 9 | Storage Time (S) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Freshly Harvested Seed | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months |
Total phenol, mg GAE/g DM | 7.28 ± 0.194 c | 6.97 ± 0.115 c | 6.04 ± 0.121 b | 5.57 ± 0.122 a |
FRAP, μmol Fe2+/g DM | 63.45 ± 1.520 d | 28.68 ± 0.476 c | 25.32 ± 0.445 b | 22.20 ± 0.440 a |
DPPH, μmol TE/g DM | 19.47 ± 0.907 c | 19.66 ± 0.333 c | 14.02 ± 0.490 b | 8.12 ± 0.344 a |
n = 9 | Storage Time (S) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Freshly Harvested Seed | 3 Months | 6 Months | 9 Months |
Phenolic acids | ||||
Gallic acid, μg/g DM | 91.0 ± 8.44 | 92.7 ± 6.97 | 94.1 ± 6.88 | 93.6 ± 7.53 |
Dihydrocaffeic acid, μg/g DM | 18.7 ± 1.93 b | 11.5 ± 1.16 a | 19.1 ± 1.95 b | 15.5 ± 1.52 ab |
Chlorogenic acid, μg/g DM | 14.4 ± 1.29 c | 11.1 ± 1.10 b | 7.6 ± 0.74 a | 7.1 ± 0.72 a |
Caffeic acid, μg/g DM | 38.2 ± 3.83 | 37.6 ± 3.97 | 39.2 ± 3.78 | 38.3 ± 3.87 |
Phloretic acid, μg/g DM | 25.8 ± 2.44 a | 46.5 ± 4.11 b | 31.4 ± 3.04 a | 29.1 ± 2.65 a |
p-Coumaric acid, μg/g DM | 102.4 ± 7.52 | 101.9 ± 7.57 | 97.8 ± 6.14 | 95.9 ± 6.90 |
Ferulic acid, μg/g DM | 56.5 ± 3.79 | 57.0 ± 3.56 | 57.4 ± 4.00 | 56.5 ± 3.80 |
Hesperetic acid, μg/g DM | nd | nd | nd | nd |
trans-Cinnamic acid, μg/g DM | 90.0 ± 4.76 | 89.9 ± 4.53 | 89.5 ± 4.27 | 87.9 ± 4.60 |
Bioflavonoids | ||||
Catechin, μg/g DM | 49.1 ± 4.12 | 52.2 ± 4.28 | 49.9 ± 4.12 | 49.3 ± 4.20 |
Epicatechin, μg/g DM | 95.7 ± 7.87 c | 78.5 ± 6.31 b | 77.0 ± 6.46 b | 59.8 ± 5.08 a |
Daidzein, μg/g DM | 57.0 ± 4.25 a | 59.3 ± 4.25 ab | 56.1 ± 3.84 a | 69.3 ± 4.98 b |
Quercetin, μg/g DM | 9.8 ± 0.93 a | 12.5 ± 1.27 ab | 16.6 ± 1.69 b | 47.1 ± 3.95 c |
Naringin, μg/g DM | nd | 42.7 ± 2.91 a | 54.9 ± 4.22 b | 51.9 ± 3.70 b |
Naringenin, μg/g DM | 38.4 ± 2.78 | 37.8 ± 2.33 | 38.7 ± 2.24 | 38.3 ± 2.33 |
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Pisinov, B.; Rakić, R.; Rakić, S.; Sekulić, Z.Ž.; Milićević, T.; Kulić, G.; Đurović, S. Sustainable Utilization of Novosadska variety Buckwheat as Cultivated Biodiversity-Friendly Crop. Processes 2024, 12, 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091827
Pisinov B, Rakić R, Rakić S, Sekulić ZŽ, Milićević T, Kulić G, Đurović S. Sustainable Utilization of Novosadska variety Buckwheat as Cultivated Biodiversity-Friendly Crop. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091827
Chicago/Turabian StylePisinov, Boris, Radojica Rakić, Sveto Rakić, Zoran Ž. Sekulić, Tijana Milićević, Gordana Kulić, and Sanja Đurović. 2024. "Sustainable Utilization of Novosadska variety Buckwheat as Cultivated Biodiversity-Friendly Crop" Processes 12, no. 9: 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091827