Hybrid Water Disinfection Process Using Electrical Discharges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- The rupture of the cell wall;
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- Changes in cell permeability;
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- The modification of the nature of the protoplasm (e.g., disruption of the colloidal structure);
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- The induction of abnormal redox processes;
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup for Electric Discharge Realization
2.2. Measurement of the Frequencies of the Electric Discharge’s Acoustic Radiation
3. Experimental Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Phenomena Accompanying Electric Discharge Cavitation
4.2. Chemical Processes in Electric Discharge Cavitation
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- Reactions in the gaseous medium (cavitational pocket);
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- Reactions at the interface between the cavitational pocket and the liquid as a result of the interaction of radicals and atoms in the cavity with molecules at the interface;
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- Reactions caused by active substances formed in the gas phase entering the surrounding liquid (water) as a result of the collapse of cavitational bubbles;
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- Reactions in a liquid medium under the influence of local shock waves caused by collapsing cavitational pockets.
5. Conclusions
- Previously undefined frequencies of 70–120 kHz that appear in the acoustic radiation spectrum of underwater electric discharge in cavitation mode have been revealed along with confirmed frequencies of 15–65 kHz. Thus, electric discharge in the cavitation mode generates acoustic radiation frequencies corresponding to the resonance conditions of all bubbles initially present in the working medium. Acoustic waves of such a wide frequency range ensure resonant vibration of the bubbles and strong cavitation in the treated water. The phenomena associated with cavitation ensure the inactivation of microbiological objects in the purified water.
- It is experimentally established that the intensity of the high-frequency part of the spectrum of acoustic radiation of an electric discharge in water can be adjusted by changing the length of the uninsulated end of the electrode–anode protruding into the discharge gap and the inductance of the discharge circuit.
- High-frequency acoustic waves generated by a special mode of electrical discharge in water and the resulting powerful volumetric cavitation are the driving force for a significant reduction in disinfectants quantity, temperature, and treatment time for water disinfection. The primary effect of electric discharge cavitation is the generation of a large number of chemically active particles and the ensuing intensification of oxidation processes. This replaces most of the active chlorine required for disinfection with active particles formed from the water medium itself; these active particles are effective but are less hazardous to the environment. Other factors of electrical discharge in the cavitation mode are of secondary importance: local shock waves, acoustic flows and turbulence, flotation effects, and rectified diffusion.
- The similarity of the effect of ultrasound and electrical discharge in cavitation mode on water systems is demonstrated experimentally. Underwater electrical discharge as a source of cavitation does not have such intrinsic limitations as the erosion resistance of the ultrasonic emitters. At the same time, cavitation does not interfere with any stage of the discharge. In addition, both the intensity and the total power of cavitation processes induced by underwater electrical discharges are always higher compared to ultrasonic treatment due to the wider range of acoustic frequencies generated. As a result, the possibilities for industrial application of water disinfection by electrical discharge in the cavitation mode are much wider than in the case of ultrasonic treatment. This is crucial for the practical use of underwater electrical discharge not only to accelerate oxidation, but also to intensify other chemical engineering processes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mode No. | Length of the Uninsulated End of the Anode, mm | Discharge Circuit Inductance, μH | Current Pulse Period, μs | Duration of Current First Half-Wave, μs | Duration of the Leading Edge of the Current Pulse, μs | Current Pulse Amplitude, kA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 1.35 | 16 |
2 | 10 | 1.2 | 6.5 | 3.25 | 1.62 | 12 |
3 | 7 | 2.6 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 1.8 | 14 |
Specific Energy of Discharge Treatment (Cavitation Mode), kJ/dm3 | E. coli Concentration after Treatment, (lg CFU/dm3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Additional Chemical Agent | |||||
Cl, 1 mg/dm3 | Cl, 0.8 mg/dm3 | Cl, 0.6 mg/dm3 | Cl, 0.4 mg/dm3 | Cl, 0.2 mg/dm3 | |
5 | 4 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5 | 5.2 |
15 | 1 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
Initial Bubble Radius, R0, m | Maximum Bubble Radius, Rmax, m | Minimum Bubble Radius Rmin, m | Gas Content, δ | Pressure Developed When the Bubble Collapses pmax, Pa | Ratio of the Sound Speed in the Medium to the Velocity of the Leading Edge of the Microcavitation Wave |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1·10−3 | 2.9·10−3 | 5.8·10−5 | 4.8·10−2 | 7.4·103 | 4.5 |
5·10−4 | 2.6·10−3 | 2.5·10−5 | 1.0·10−2 | 1.9·104 | 6.2 |
1·10−4 | 2.3·10−3 | 0.9·10−6 | 2.1·10−4 | 2.8·107 | 13.3 |
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Malyushevskaya, A.P.; Koszelnik, P.; Mitryasova, O.; Yushchishina, A.; Mats, A.; Papciak, D.; Zdeb, M.M. Hybrid Water Disinfection Process Using Electrical Discharges. Processes 2024, 12, 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091846
Malyushevskaya AP, Koszelnik P, Mitryasova O, Yushchishina A, Mats A, Papciak D, Zdeb MM. Hybrid Water Disinfection Process Using Electrical Discharges. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091846
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalyushevskaya, Antonina P., Piotr Koszelnik, Olena Mitryasova, Anna Yushchishina, Andrii Mats, Dorota Papciak, and Monika Magdalena Zdeb. 2024. "Hybrid Water Disinfection Process Using Electrical Discharges" Processes 12, no. 9: 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091846