Probing Internal Damage in Grey Cast Iron Compression Based on Acoustic Emission and Particle Flow
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis Steps
2.1. Material Selection and Preparation
2.2. Compression Experiments and Acoustic Emission Detection
2.3. Metallographic Analysis
2.4. Discrete Meta-Analytical Models
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of the Experiment
3.1.1. Engineering Stress–Strain Curve Analysis
3.1.2. Damage Analysis of Cast Iron HT150 Based on Acoustic Emission Parameters
3.1.3. Failure of Pattern Recognition
3.2. Results of Discrete Element Analysis
3.2.1. Numerical Simulation of Stress Curves and Analysis of Damage Results
3.2.2. A Closer Look at Evolution
4. Conclusions
- With the increase in loading rate, the compressive strength of the specimen decreases, and the damage displays 45 degrees diagonal columnar splitting, mainly dominated by tensile damage.
- In the PFC2D simulation of the compression process, the acoustic emission increases before the stress peak and gradually decreases after reaching the maximum value, in agreement with the experimental data
- The uniaxial compressive stress–strain curves are divided into four stages, elastic, yield, damage, and residual, and the strong and weak force chains at different strains are analysed, and it is found that the strength of the force chain varies the most near the main crack line.
- The essence of cast iron deformation and failure lies in the dissipation and release of internal energy. Utilising acoustic emission energy to monitor the energy release law throughout the entire damage process is a reasonable approach. Data analysis has revealed that the trends in bonding energy monitored by the GBM align with the energy collected through acoustic emission, effectively capturing the variation in acoustic emission energy observed in experiments.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grade | C | Si | Mn | P≤ | S≤ | Cr< |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HT150 | 3.3–3.5 | 2.0–2.4 | 0.5–0.8 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Smooth Joint Parameters | Normal Stiffness (sj_kn/Gpa) | Shear Stiffness (sj_ks/ Gpa) | Friction Coefficient (sj_fric) | Normal Strength (sj_coh/N) | Cohesive Force (sj_ten/N) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | 6.1 × 1013 | 6.1 × 1013 × 0.2 | 0.8 | 178 × 106 | 178 × 106 × 0.3 |
Micro-Parameters | Values | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pearlite | Graphite Flake | Matrix | |
Micro-properties of grey cast iron | |||
Density (kg/m−3) | 2700 | 2560 | 2600 |
Elasticity modulus (emod/Gpa) | 55 × 109 | 65 × 109 | 50 × 109 |
Stiffness ratio (kratio) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Friction coefficient (fric) | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
Parallel bond elastic modulus (pb_emod/Gpa) | 55 × 109 | 65 × 109 | 50 × 109 |
Parallel bond stiffness ratio (kratio) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.25 |
Tensile strength of cement (pb_ten/N) | 23.14 × 105 | 18.2 × 105 | 20.15 × 105 |
Cementation and cohesion (pb_coh/N) | 165 × 105 | 140 × 105 | 155 × 105 |
Internal friction angle of cement (pb_fa/o) | 40 | 50 | 30 |
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Li, Z.; Lei, Z.; Xu, S.; Sun, H.; Li, B.; Qiao, Z. Probing Internal Damage in Grey Cast Iron Compression Based on Acoustic Emission and Particle Flow. Processes 2024, 12, 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091893
Li Z, Lei Z, Xu S, Sun H, Li B, Qiao Z. Probing Internal Damage in Grey Cast Iron Compression Based on Acoustic Emission and Particle Flow. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091893
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhen, Zhao Lei, Sheng Xu, Hengyang Sun, Bin Li, and Zhizhong Qiao. 2024. "Probing Internal Damage in Grey Cast Iron Compression Based on Acoustic Emission and Particle Flow" Processes 12, no. 9: 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091893