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Processes
Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/pr13072142
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

A Comprehensive Review of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems

by
Khaled Salhein
1,*,
Sabriya Alghennai Salheen
2,
Ahmed M. Annekaa
3,
Mansour Hawsawi
1,4,
Edrees Yahya Alhawsawi
1,4,
C. J. Kobus
5 and
Mohamed Zohdy
5
1
Game Above College of Engineering and Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
2
Department of Communications, College of Electronic Technology, Bani Walid 38645, Libya
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electronic Technology, Tripoli 20299, Libya
4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48306, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072142 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 December 2024 / Revised: 16 June 2025 / Accepted: 2 July 2025 / Published: 5 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Refrigeration and Heat Pump Technology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Geothermal heat pump systems (GHPSs) offer a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for heating and cooling buildings. Ground heat exchanger (GHE) design and configuration significantly impact on the overall performance and installation expenses of geothermal heat pump systems. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of GHPSs, focusing on their advantages, disadvantages, key components, types, and particularly the various closed-loop GHE configurations. Detailed comparisons highlight how different designs affect thermal performance and installation costs. The findings reveal that helical GHEs offer superior thermal efficiency with reduced drilling requirements and cost savings, while coaxial GHEs, especially those using steel tubes, enhance heat transfer and enable shorter boreholes. Cost-effective options like W-type GHEs provide performance comparable to more complex systems. Additionally, triple U-tube and spiral configurations balance high efficiency with economic feasibility. The single and double U-tube remain the most common borehole geometry, though coaxial designs present distinct advantages in targeted scenarios. These insights support the optimization of vertical GHEs, advancing system performance, cost-effectiveness, and long-term sustainability in GHPS applications.
Keywords: geothermal heat pump system (GHPS); ground heat exchanger (GHE); vertical ground heat exchanger (VGHE); horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHE) geothermal heat pump system (GHPS); ground heat exchanger (GHE); vertical ground heat exchanger (VGHE); horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHE)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Salhein, K.; Salheen, S.A.; Annekaa, A.M.; Hawsawi, M.; Alhawsawi, E.Y.; Kobus, C.J.; Zohdy, M. A Comprehensive Review of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems. Processes 2025, 13, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072142

AMA Style

Salhein K, Salheen SA, Annekaa AM, Hawsawi M, Alhawsawi EY, Kobus CJ, Zohdy M. A Comprehensive Review of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems. Processes. 2025; 13(7):2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072142

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salhein, Khaled, Sabriya Alghennai Salheen, Ahmed M. Annekaa, Mansour Hawsawi, Edrees Yahya Alhawsawi, C. J. Kobus, and Mohamed Zohdy. 2025. "A Comprehensive Review of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems" Processes 13, no. 7: 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072142

APA Style

Salhein, K., Salheen, S. A., Annekaa, A. M., Hawsawi, M., Alhawsawi, E. Y., Kobus, C. J., & Zohdy, M. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems. Processes, 13(7), 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072142

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