Phytochemical Content of Melissa officinalis L. Herbal Preparations Appropriate for Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Herbal Preparations
- Decoction (D): A suitable amount of deionized water was boiled in a Duran bottle. Then, a suitable portion of MOL (2% w/v) was added and the mixture was further boiled for 5, 10 or 15 min (namely D MOL 2% 5’ W, D MOL 2% 10’ W, D MOL 2% 15’ W).
- Infusion A: A suitable amount of boiled deionized water was immediately transferred to a Duran bottle that contained an appropriate portion of the plant material (2% w/v of MOL, CHM or OLF; namely I(A) MOL 2% 10’ W, I(A) CHM 2% 10’ W, I(A) OLF 2% 10’ W). The mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 10 min. 0.5% (I(A) MOL 0.5% 10’ W) and 4% w/v (I(A) MOL 4% 10’ W) MOL infusions were also prepared in the same way.
- Infusion B: A Duran bottle containing an appropriate amount of deionized water was placed in a water bath at 80 °C. Then, a suitable portion of MOL (2% w/v) was added and the mixture was left to stand for 10 min (I(B) MOL 2% 10’ W).
- Macerate: A suitable amount of MOL (2% w/v) was macerated in water (M MOL 2% 24 h W), ethanol (M MOL 2% 24 h E) or aqueous ethanol (EtOH/H2O: 25/75 v/v; M MOL 2% 24 h E/W) for 24 h at room temperature under periodical magnetic stirring.
- Extract by Ultrasounds: MOL (2% w/v) was treated in an ultrasonic bath (Elmas 30H Elmasonic, Elma, Singen, Germany; ultrasonic power effective 80 W, ultrasonic frequency 37 kHz) at room temperature for 10 min. Extraction solvent was water (S MOL 2% 10’ W), ethanol (S MOL 2% 10’ E) or aqueous ethanol (EtOH/H2O: 25/75 v/v; S MOL 2% 10’ E/W)
2.4. Content in Total Phenols (TP) Determined via the Folin-Ciocalteu Assay
2.5. Determination and Classification of Different Bioactive Phenolic Compounds
2.6. Antioxidant Activity Determined via the DPPH• Assay
2.7. Antioxidant Activity Determined via the Ferric Reducing Ability (FRAP) Assay
2.8. Na, K, Ca and Li Content Determination via Emission Flame Photometry
2.9. Pigment Content
2.10. Extraction Yield
2.11. Sensory Evaluation
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Content in TP, Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives and Flavonols of Herbal Preparations
3.2. Mineral Content of Herbal Preparations
3.3. Pigment Content of Herbal Preparations
3.4. Extract Yield of Herbal Preparations
3.5. Sensory Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Herbal Beverage | (mg per 250 mL cup) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naa | Kb | Cac | Lid | Dry Extract Weighte | |
I(A)MOL 0.5% 10’ W | 1.1 | 30.5 | 50.1 | 0.1 | 455 |
I(A) MOL 2% 10’ W | 2.0 | 100.0 | 98.3 | 0.3 | 1707 |
I(A)MOL 4% 10’ W | 2.9 | 175.7 | 137.7 | 0.4 | 3377 |
I(B) MOL 2% 10’ W | 2.1 | 115.5 | 176.1 | 0.3 | 1742 |
D MOL 2% 5’ W | 2.0 | 288.4 | 154.1 | 0.2 | 2856 |
D MOL 2% 10’ W | 2.8 | 263.0 | 153.4 | 0.3 | 3381 |
D MOL 2% 15’ W | 2.1 | 256.1 | 150.7 | 0.2 | 3185 |
S MOL 2% 10’ W | 1.9 | 117.4 | 93.7 | 0.2 | 1564 |
S MOL 2% 10’ E | 1.2 | 5.1 | 56.0 | 0.4 | 144 |
S MOL 2% 10’ E/W | 2.7 | 125.0 | 101.1 | 0.2 | 1383 |
M MOL 2% 24 h W | 1.6 | 125.1 | 97.7 | 0.2 | 1609 |
M MOL 2% 24 h E | 0.8 | 4.1 | 65.0 | 0.4 | 283 |
M MOL 2% 24 h E/W | 2.0 | 130.3 | 118.5 | 0.3 | 1730 |
I CHM 2% 10’ W | 15.0 | 103.6 | 108.2 | 0.3 | 1199 |
I OLF 2% 10’ W | 1.9 | 62.7 | 70.8 | 0.3 | 1524 |
Variable | AXIS 1 | AXIS 2 |
---|---|---|
mg Ca per 250 mL | 0.914 | 0.141 |
mg Na per 250 mL | 0.819 | 0.07 |
mg K per 250 mL | 0.809 | −0.142 |
mg Li per 250 mL | −0.071 | 0.989 |
Variance | 2.164 | 1.023 |
Var% | 54.1 | 25.6 |
Herbal Preparations | ×80 = μg/mL | ||
---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll aa | Chlorophyll bb | Carotenoidsc | |
I(A) MOL 0.5% 10’ W | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
I(A) MOL 2% 10’ W | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 |
I(A) MOL 4% 10’ W | 2.1 | 4.2 | 6.6 |
I(B) MOL 2% 10’ W | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
D MOL 2% 10’ W | 2.0 | 3.9 | 2.8 |
I CHM 2% 10’ W | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
I OLF 2% 10’ W | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
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Papoti, V.T.; Totomis, N.; Atmatzidou, A.; Zinoviadou, K.; Androulaki, A.; Petridis, D.; Ritzoulis, C. Phytochemical Content of Melissa officinalis L. Herbal Preparations Appropriate for Consumption. Processes 2019, 7, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7020088
Papoti VT, Totomis N, Atmatzidou A, Zinoviadou K, Androulaki A, Petridis D, Ritzoulis C. Phytochemical Content of Melissa officinalis L. Herbal Preparations Appropriate for Consumption. Processes. 2019; 7(2):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7020088
Chicago/Turabian StylePapoti, Vassiliki T., Nikolaos Totomis, Aikaterini Atmatzidou, Kyriaki Zinoviadou, Anna Androulaki, Dimitris Petridis, and Christos Ritzoulis. 2019. "Phytochemical Content of Melissa officinalis L. Herbal Preparations Appropriate for Consumption" Processes 7, no. 2: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7020088