Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil with Various Initial Water Contents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Production of Palm-Oil Biodiesel Added with Water Content
2.2. Measurement of Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel from Feedstock Oil with Water
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Content in the Biodiesel
3.2. Acid Value of the Biodiesel
3.3. Iodine Value of the Biodiesel
3.4. Kinematic Viscosity of the Biodiesel
3.5. Cold Filter Plugging Point of the Biodiesel
3.6. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) above C14 of the Biodiesel
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Initial water content of 0.05 wt. % added to feedstock oil facilitated the formation of the lowest water content in the biodiesel product. The transesterification reaction was enhanced with adequate water content in the reactant mixture.
- (2)
- Water in raw palm oil enhanced the hydrolysis of fatty acids, causing the production of free fatty acids and increasing the acid value. The lowest acid value of the biodiesel was found when the feedstock oil had 0.05 wt. % initial water added.
- (3)
- The biodiesels produced in this study came from the non-drying oil group, based on their iodine values ranging between 52 and 67 g I/100 g biodiesel. The lowest iodine value of biodiesel was produced from the feedstock oil with 0.02 wt. % initial water added, due to the formation of the lowest amount of unsaturated fatty acids.
- (4)
- Biodiesel composed of more long or saturated fatty acids is prone to greater kinematic viscosity. The highest kinematic viscosity corresponding to the lowest iodine value occurred in the FAME made from the feedstock oil with 0.02 wt. % water added.
- (5)
- Biodiesel consisting of more unsaturated fatty acids tends to have a lower cold filter plugging point (CFPP). Biodiesel made from palm oil with 0.05 wt. % water added had the lowest CFPP of 9 °C and a corresponding lower iodine value due to the formation of more unsaturated fatty acids, of which oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3) amounted to 56.85 wt. %. Biodiesel produced from palm oil with 0.03 wt. % initial water added appeared to have the highest content of FAME above C14.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acids Chemical Structure | Composition (wt. %) |
---|---|
Myristic acid C14:0 | 1.14 |
Palmitic acid C16:0 | 36.93 |
Palmitoleic acid C16:1 | 0.22 |
Stearic acid C18:0 | 3.95 |
Oleic acid C18:1 | 45.07 |
Linoleic acid C18:2 | 11.68 |
Linolenic acid C18:3 | 0.10 |
Arachidic acid C20:0 | 0.34 |
Eicosenoic acid C20:1 | 0.17 |
Behenic acid C22:0 | 0.17 |
Erucic acid C22:1 | 0.05 |
Lignoceric acid C24:0 | 0.10 |
Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 | 0.06 |
Total saturated fatty acids | 42.63 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | 45.51 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 11.84 |
Total FAME | 97.30 |
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Lin, C.-Y.; Ma, L. Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil with Various Initial Water Contents. Processes 2021, 9, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020309
Lin C-Y, Ma L. Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil with Various Initial Water Contents. Processes. 2021; 9(2):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020309
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Cherng-Yuan, and Lei Ma. 2021. "Fluid Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil with Various Initial Water Contents" Processes 9, no. 2: 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020309