Scaling-Up and Semi-Continuous Cultivation of Locally Isolated Marine Microalgae Tetraselmis striata in the Subtropical Island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microalgae and Cultivation Conditions
2.2. Measurements of the Optical Density, Quantum Productivity and Biomass Concentration of the Cultures
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Semi-Continuous Pond Operation, Definitions and Calculations
- is the combustion enthalpy of algal biomass (22.5 kJ/g) [24];
- A is the open pond illuminated surface (m2).
2.5. Determination of FA Profile and Heavy Metal Content in Algal Biomass
2.6. Statistical Treatment of the Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass Productivity during Long Term Cultivations in Various Ponds
3.2. Growth Rates and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Open Pond Cultures
3.3. Biomass Quality, FA Profile and Heavy Metal Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
RW76out (8000 L–76 m2) | RW300out (45,000 L–300 m2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest | Paste Humidity (% H2O) | Conc. Factor | Harvest | Paste Humidity (% H2O) | Conc. Factor |
21-Oct | 83.5 ± 0.62 | 239.3 ± 0.16 | 28-Nov | 87.5 ± 0.00 | 193.3 ± 0.02 |
25-Oct | 87.5 ± 0.14 | 187.4 ± 0.05 | 2-Dec | 87.5 ± 0.01 | 300.6 ± 0.02 |
31-Oct | 85.1 ± 0.10 | 226.0 ± 0.00 | 5-Dec | 86.8 ± 0.01 | 328.2 ± 0.01 |
4-Nov | 80.0 ± 0.05 | 241.2 ± 0.04 | 9-Dec | 83.3 ± 0.01 | 270.9 ± 0.03 |
8-Nov | 87.9 ± 0.05 | 187.5 ± 0.02 | 12-Dec | 86.4 ± 0.18 | 195.5 ± 0.00 |
12-Nov | 83.2 ± 0.04 | 210.0 ± 0.09 | 16-Dec | 88.2 ± 0.00 | 183.1 ± 0.02 |
15-Nov | 87.8 ± 0.00 | 167.1 ± 0.07 | 18-Dec | 89.6 ± 0.02 | 147.9 ± 0.07 |
19-Nov | 88.0 ± 0.04 | 177.5 ± 0.02 | 20-Dec | 84.9 ± 0.01 | 231.0 ± 0.04 |
26-Nov | 84.5 ± 0.01 | 237.4 ± 0.05 | - | - | - |
Average | 85.3 ± 0.65 | 207.9 ± 0.21 | Average | 86.8 ± 0.18 | 231.3 ± 0.09 |
Element | RW80in | RW76out | RW76out |
---|---|---|---|
Units: ng/gDW | 10-Sep | 22-Nov | 26-Nov |
Co | 0 | 589 ± 26 | 618 ± 26 |
Cd | 0 | 54 ± 0.5 | 54 ± 0.9 |
Cr | 165 ± 8 | 3584 ± 324 | 3632 ± 260 |
Ni | 0 | 4616 ± 409 | 4178 ± 263 |
Se | 0 | 4627 ± 546 | 4971 ± 227 |
Al | 0 | 49 ± 1.5 | 49 ± 0.6 |
Si | 0 | 25 ± 2.1 | 26 ± 4.0 |
Mo | 402 ± 20 | 0 | 0 |
As, Hg, Pb | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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RW80in (8000 L–80 m2) | RW76out (8000 L–76 m2) | RW300out (45,000 L–300 m2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest | PDW, max (kgDW) | Harvest | PDW, max (kgDW) | Harvest | PDW, max (kgDW) | Paste (kg) |
26-Aug | 2.61 ± 0.13 | 21-Oct | 3.72 ± 0.28 | 28-Nov | 5.24 ± 0.09 | 18.0 |
30-Aug | 2.71 ± 0.01 | 25-Oct | 3.47 ± 0.17 | 2-Dec | 12.56 ± 0.13 | 51.0 |
3-Sep | 3.69 ± 0.20 | 28-Oct | 3.81 ± 0.50 | 5-Dec | 4.04 ± 0.02 | 11.4 |
6-Sep | 4.38 ± 0.45 | 31-Oct | 4.13 ± 0.01 | 9-Dec | 6.15 ± 0.16 | 17.3 |
10-Sep | 2.89 ± 0.05 | 4-Nov | 4.03 ± 0.14 | 12-Dec | 6.96 ± 0.02 | 21.4 |
13-Sep | 3.95 ± 0.02 | 8-Nov | 3.88 ± 0.06 | 16-Dec | 6.42 ± 0.14 | 18.0 |
20-Sep | 4.44 ± 0.13 | 12-Nov | 3.93 ± 0.37 | 18-Dec | 7.03 ± 0.46 | 31.2 |
Total (kgDW) | 24.66 ± 0.53 | 15-Nov | 4.30 ± 0.28 | 20-Dec | 6.53 ± 0.25 | 24.8 |
19-Nov | 3.99 ± 0.06 | Total (kgDW) | 54.9 ± 0.58 | 193.1 | ||
22-Nov | 3.07 ± 0.13 | |||||
26-Nov | 3.99 ± 0.20 | |||||
Total (kgDW) | 42.32 ± 0.81 |
RW80in (8000 L–80 m2) | RW76out (8000 L–76 m2) | RW300out (45,000 L–300 m2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest | PE (%) | Harvest | PE (%) | Harvest | PE (%) |
26-Aug | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 21-Oct | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 28-Nov | 0.41 ± 0.01 |
30-Aug | 1.36 ± 0.00 | 25-Oct | 1.82 ± 0.09 | 2-Dec | 1.83 ± 0.02 |
3-Sep | 1.66 ± 0.09 | 28-Oct | 3.18 ± 0.42 | 5-Dec | 0.84 ± 0.00 |
6-Sep | 3.52 ± 0.36 | 31-Oct | 2.51 ± 0.00 | 9-Dec | 0.91 ± 0.02 |
10-Sep | 1.36 ± 0.02 | 4-Nov | 1.76 ± 0.06 | 12-Dec | 1.29 ± 0.00 |
13-Sep | 2.33 ± 0.01 | 8-Nov | 1.88 ± 0.03 | 16-Dec | 1.12 ± 0.02 |
20-Sep | 1.20 ± 0.04 | 12-Nov | 2.01 ± 0.19 | 18-Dec | 1.84 ± 0.12 |
Cumulative PE, % | 1.45 ± 0.03 | 15-Nov | 3.49 ± 0.23 | 20-Dec | 1.76 ± 0.07 |
19-Nov | 2.34 ± 0.04 | Cumulative PE, % | 1.10 ± 0.01 | ||
22-Nov | 2.06 ± 0.09 | ||||
26-Nov | 2.20 ± 0.11 | ||||
Cumulative PE, % | 1.95 ± 0.04 |
Harvest Date | 10-Sep | 21-Oct | 28-Nov | 2-Dec | 9-Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acid (% of Total FA) | RW80in | RW76out | RW300out | RW300out | RW300out | Average |
14:0 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.6 |
16:0 (Palmitic) | 20.4 | 16.8 | 18.4 | 19.6 | 23.2 | 19.7 ± 2.4 |
16:1n-7 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.6 |
16:3n-1 | 3.6 | 12.7 | 8.7 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 8.1 ± 3.3 |
18:0 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 ± 0.8 |
18:1n-9 (Oleic) | 21.1 | 18.8 | 12.1 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 15.5 ± 4.1 |
18:2n-6 (Linoleic) | 8.2 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 5.2 ± 2.0 |
18:3n-3 (ALA) | 5.9 | 22.1 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 14.5 | 14.4 ± 5.7 |
18:4n-3 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.2 ± 1.3 |
20:5n-3 (EPA) | 5.9 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 4.8 | 6.3 ±1.5 |
22:6n-3 (DHA) | 3.1 | - | 3.5 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.1 |
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Gojkovic, Z.; Guidi, F.; Bustamante, B.; Venuleo, M.; Assunçao, P.A.C.J.d.; Portillo, E. Scaling-Up and Semi-Continuous Cultivation of Locally Isolated Marine Microalgae Tetraselmis striata in the Subtropical Island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Processes 2021, 9, 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081326
Gojkovic Z, Guidi F, Bustamante B, Venuleo M, Assunçao PACJd, Portillo E. Scaling-Up and Semi-Continuous Cultivation of Locally Isolated Marine Microalgae Tetraselmis striata in the Subtropical Island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Processes. 2021; 9(8):1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081326
Chicago/Turabian StyleGojkovic, Zivan, Flavio Guidi, Begoña Bustamante, Marianna Venuleo, Patrícia Alexandra Clemente Janeiro de Assunçao, and Eduardo Portillo. 2021. "Scaling-Up and Semi-Continuous Cultivation of Locally Isolated Marine Microalgae Tetraselmis striata in the Subtropical Island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain)" Processes 9, no. 8: 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081326