The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Bodybuilders in the State of Sergipe, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Collection Procedure
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Duration and Context of Anabolic Steroid Use
4.2. Main Steroids Used by Bodybuilding Athletes
4.3. Sociodemographic Profiles of the Athletes and Their Adherence to Medical Monitoring
4.4. Profiles of Anabolic Steroid Users and Their Knowledge Regarding AAS Side Effects
5. Discussion
5.1. The Association of the Use of AASs with Cardiovascular and Myocardial Dysfunction
5.2. The Association of AASs with the Circulatory System and Sexual Dysfunction
5.3. Bodybuilders’ Knowledge of the Side Effects of Using AASs and How They Obtain Them
5.4. Steroid Use and Education
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (Prevalence %) | Mean (SD) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 60 (84.5) | 31.7 (6.2) | 0.915 |
Female | 10 (14.1) | 33.7 (7.1) | |
I prefer not to answer | 1 (1.4) | - | |
Age | |||
20–30 years | 30 (43.5) | 31.92 (6.32) | 0.188 |
31–40 years | 32 (46.4) | ||
41–50 years | 6 (8.7) | ||
Over 50 years | 1 (1.4) | ||
Do/did you use AASs? | |||
YES | 67 (94.4) | n/a | n/a |
NO | 4 (5.6) | ||
Education | |||
Complete primary education | 1 (1.4) | n/a | n/a |
Incomplete high school | 1 (1.4) | ||
Complete high school | 10 (14.1) | ||
Incomplete higher education | 22 (31.0) | ||
Complete higher education | 36 (50.7) | ||
Ethnicity | |||
White | 24 (33.8) | n/a | n/a |
Asian | 8 (11.3) | ||
Brown | 9 (12.7) | ||
Black | 23 (32.4) | ||
Indigenous | 2 (2.8) | ||
Mulatto | 1 (1.4) | ||
Dark-skinned | 1 (1.4) | ||
Not declared | 2 (2.8) | ||
Income | |||
No income | 1 (1.4) | n/a | |
<minimum wage (<CHF 253.53 per month) | 1 (1.4) | ||
1–3 times minimum wage (CHF 253.53–760.59 per month) | 20 (28.2) | ||
3–6 times minimum wage (CHF 760.59–1521.18 per month) | 20 (28.2) | ||
6–9 times minimum wage (CHF 1521.18–2281.77 per month) | 12 (16.9) | ||
9–12 times minimum wage (CHF 2281.77–3042.36 per month) | 6 (8.5) | ||
12–15 times minimum wage (CHF 3042.36–3802.95 per month) | 4 (5.6) | ||
>15 times minimum wage (>CHF 3802.95 per month) | 7 (1.4) | ||
Occupation/profession | |||
Self-employed | 1 (1.4) | n/a | n/a |
Condominium administration | 1 (1.4) | ||
Public employee (federal, state, or municipal) | 8 (11.3) | ||
In commerce (banking, transport, hotels, etc.) | 16 (22.5) | ||
Personal trainer | 3 (4.2) | ||
Muay Thai teacher | 1 (1.4) | ||
Freelance professional | 24 (33.8) | ||
Hospital reception | 1 (1.4) | ||
Mobile emergency service server | 1 (1.4) | ||
Works outside the home in informal activities | 3 (4.2) | ||
Security guard | 1 (1.4) | ||
Entrepreneur | 6 (8.5) | ||
Industry | 2 (2.8) | ||
Does not work | 3 (4.2) |
Variable | n (Prevalence %) |
---|---|
Usage time | |
Between 0 and 3 months | 6 (8.6) |
Between 3 and 6 months | 7 (10.0) |
Between 6 and 12 months | 11 (15.7) |
Between 12 and 24 months | 10 (14.3) |
Over 2 years | 33 (47.1) |
Does not use/did not use | 3 (4.3) |
Reason for use during the off-season | |
Muscle mass gain | 52 (74.3) |
Greater training volume | 7 (10.0) |
Post-workout recovery | 5 (7.1) |
Clinical pathology treatment | 2 (2.9) |
Does not use/did not use | 4 (5.7) |
Reason for use during the pre-contest phase | |
Improve training intensity | 19 (27.1) |
Burn fat | 30 (42.9) |
Post-workout recovery | 15 (21.4) |
Clinical pathology treatment | 1 (1.4) |
Does not use/did not use | 5 (7.1) |
Means of prescription | |
Friends | 11 (15.8) |
Coach | 31 (44.3) |
Gym acquaintances | 4 (5.7) |
Internet | 3 (4.3) |
Nutritionist | 4 (5.7) |
Physician | 8 (11.4) |
Physical education professional | 3 (4.3) |
Studying (own expense) | 1 (1.4) |
Several of the above | 1 (1.4) |
Laboratory sponsorship | 1 (1.4) |
Does not use/did not use | 3 (4.3) |
Means of acquiring anabolic steroids | |
Internet | 25 (36.8) |
Third party | 25 (36.8) |
Pharmacy | 4 (5.9) |
Prefer not to respond | 12 (17.6) |
Not applicable | 2 (2.9) |
Number of anabolic steroids simultaneously used | |
Zero | 5 (7.5) |
One | 7 (10.4) |
Two | 27 (40.3) |
Three | 21 (31.3) |
Four | 5 (7.5) |
Five | 2 (3.0) |
Route of administration | |
Injectable | 44 (64.7) |
Gel | 1 (1.4) |
Oral | 1 (1.4) |
Both | 18 (26.5) |
Does not use/did not use | 4 (5.9) |
Variable | n (Prevalence %) |
---|---|
Products used/currently being used * | |
Sustanon 250 or Durateston | 20 (28.98) |
Nandrolone decanoate (Deca or Deca-Durabolin) | 18 (26.08) |
Testosterone Enanthate | 16 (23.18) |
Trenbolone | 16 (23.18) |
Drostanolone Propionate | 15 (21.73) |
Stanozolol | 15 (21.73) |
Boldenone | 14 (20.28) |
Testosterone cypionate (Deposteron) | 10 (14.49) |
Metenolone enanthate (Primo or Primobolan) | 9 (13.04) |
Methandrostenolone (Dianabol or D-bol) | 8 (11.59) |
Oxandrolone (Anavar) | 7 (10.14) |
Oxymetholone (Anadrol or Hemogenin) | 1 (1.44) |
Variables | No Medical Follow-Up N (%) | Received Medical Follow-Up N (%) | p-Value | Cramer’s V Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.492 | 0.15 |
Male | 24 (40.7) | 35 (59.3) | ||
Female | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | ||
Prefer not to answer | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Age | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.460 | 0.20 |
20 to 30 years | 15 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) | ||
31 to 40 years | 12 (36.4) | 21 (63.6) | ||
41 to 50 years | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | ||
>50 years | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Education | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.01 | 0.44 |
Complete primary education | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Incomplete high school | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Complete high school | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | ||
Incomplete higher education | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | ||
Complete higher education | 9 (25.7) | 26 (74.3) | ||
Postgraduate education | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Ethnicity | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.446 | 0.29 |
Asian | 5 (63.0) | 3 (38.0) | ||
White | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | ||
Brown | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Mulatto | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Black | 11 (50.0) | 11 (50.0) | ||
Indigenous | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | ||
Dark-skinned | 2 (22.0) | 7 (78.0) | ||
Not declared | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100) | ||
Monthly family income | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.141 | 0.29 |
<minimum wage (<CHF 253.53 per month) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
1–3 times minimum wage (CHF 253.53–760.59 per month) | 8 (42.1) | 11 (57.9) | ||
3–6 times minimum wage (CHF 760.59–1521.18 per month) | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) | ||
6–9 times minimum wage (CHF 1521.18–2281.77 per month) | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | ||
9–12 times minimum wage (CHF 2281.77–3042.36 per month) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | ||
12–15 times minimum wage (CHF 3042.36–3802.95 per month) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | ||
>15 minimum wages (>CHF 3802.95 per month) | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Occupation/profession | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.209 | 0.26 |
Self-employed | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Public employee (federal, state, or municipal) | 4 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | ||
In commerce (banking, transport, hotels, etc.) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | ||
Personal trainer | 1 (33.0) | 2 (67.0) | ||
Muay Thai teacher | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Freelance professional | 5 (22.0) | 18 (78.0) | ||
Hospital reception | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Mobile emergency service server | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Security guard | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Entrepreneur | 4 (80.0) | 1 (20.0) | ||
Industry | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | ||
Condominium administration | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | ||
Works outside the home in informal activities | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | ||
Does not work | 1 (33.0) | 2 (67.0) |
Variables | Do You Believe That the Use of AASs Will Harm Your Health? | p-Value | Cramer’s V Effect Size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Does Not Use N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | |||
Gender | 4 (100) | 16 (100) | 49 (100) | 0.177 | 0.19 |
Male | 3 (5.1) | 12 (20.3) | 44 (746) | ||
Female | 1 (11.1) | 3 (33.3) | 5 (55.6) | ||
Prefer not to answer | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Age | 4 (100) | 16 (100) | 49 (100) | 0.484 | 0.18 |
20 to 30 years | 1 (3.4) | 6 (20.7) | 22 (75.9) | ||
31 to 40 years | 2 (6.1) | 10 (30.3) | 21 (63.6) | ||
41 to 50 years | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (83.3) | ||
>50 years | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Education | 4 (100) | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.388 | 0.26 |
Complete primary education | 0 (0.0) | (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Incomplete high school | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Complete high school | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 8 (80.0) | ||
Incomplete higher education | 1 (5.0) | 6 (30.0) | 13 (65.0) | ||
Complete higher education | 2 (5.6) | 7 (19.4) | 27 (75.0) | ||
Postgraduate education | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Ethnicity | 4 (100) | 16 (100) | 49 (100) | 0.990 | 0.25 |
Asian | 1 (13.0) | 1 (13.0) | 6 (67.0) | ||
White | 2 (8.0) | 6 (25.0) | 16 (70.0) | ||
Brown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Mulatto | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Black | 1 (5.0) | 6 (27.0) | 15 (68.0) | ||
Indigenous | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100) | ||
Dark-skinned | 0 (0.0) | 3 (33.0) | 6 (67.0) | ||
Not declared | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100) | ||
Monthly family income | 4 (100) | 30 (100) | 40 (100) | 0.952 | 0.23 |
<minimum wage (<CHF 253.53 per month) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
1–3 times minimum wage (CHF 253.53–760.59 per month) | 2 (10.5) | 5 (26.3) | 12 (63.2) | ||
3–6 times minimum wage (CHF 760.59–1521.18 per month) | 1 (5.3) | 7 (36.8) | 11 (57.9) | ||
6–9 times minimum wage (CHF 1521.18–2281.77 per month) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (16.7) | 9 (83.3) | ||
9–12 times minimum wage (CHF 2281.77–3042.36 per month) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | ||
12–15 times minimum wage (CHF 3042.36–3802.95 per month) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100) | ||
>15 times minimum wage (>CHF 3802.95 per month) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | ||
Occupation/profession | 4 (100) | 16 (100) | 49 (100) | 0.898 | 0.19 |
Self-employed | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Public employee (federal, state, or municipal) | 1 (14.0) | 2 (29.0) | 4 (57.0) | ||
In commerce (banking, transport, hotels, etc.) | 2 (13.0) | 5 (33.0) | 8 (53.0) | ||
Personal trainer | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100) | ||
Muay Thai teacher | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Freelance professional | 1 (4.0) | 5 (21.0) | 18 (75.0) | ||
Hospital reception | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Mobile emergency service server | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Security guard | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | ||
Entrepreneur | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100) | ||
Industry | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | ||
Condominium administration | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Works outside the home in informal activities | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | ||
Does not work | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.0) | 2 (67.0) | ||
Medical follow-up | 3 (100) | 16 (100) | 49 (100) | 0.667 | 0.12 |
No | 2 (6.7) | 6 (20.0) | 22 (73.3) | ||
Yes | 1 (2.6) | 10 (26.3) | 27 (71.1) |
Acute Side Effects | n (Prevalence %) |
Acne | 20 (33.8) |
Irritability | 19 (32.1) |
Alopecia (hair loss) | 14 (23.7) |
Nervousness | 14 (23.7) |
Sleep imbalance | 12 (20.3) |
Gynecomastia | 9 (15.2) |
Decreased spermatogenesis (difficulty having children) | 7 (11.9) |
Did not indicate/did not have any * | 10 (16.7) |
Chronic Side Effects | n (Prevalence %) |
Arterial hypertension | 9 (36.0) |
Liver pathology | 7 (28.0) |
Cancer (non-specific) | 2 (8.0) |
Cardiac problems | 1 (4.0) |
Insomnia | 1 (4.0) |
Kidney pathology | 1 (4.0) |
Did not indicate/did not have any * | 4 (16.0) |
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dos Santos, J.C.; Souza, E.d.; Meneses-Santos, D.; Carvalho, C.R.d.O.; dos Santos, J.L.; Aidar, F.J.; Marçal, A.C. The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Bodybuilders in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 1451-1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050096
dos Santos JC, Souza Ed, Meneses-Santos D, Carvalho CRdO, dos Santos JL, Aidar FJ, Marçal AC. The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Bodybuilders in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(5):1451-1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050096
Chicago/Turabian Styledos Santos, Josué Cruz, Erivaldo de Souza, Daniela Meneses-Santos, Carla Roberta de Oliveira Carvalho, Jymmys Lopes dos Santos, Felipe J. Aidar, and Anderson Carlos Marçal. 2024. "The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Bodybuilders in the State of Sergipe, Brazil" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 5: 1451-1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050096