Reduced Income and Its Associations with Physical Inactivity, Unhealthy Habits, and Cardiac Complications in the Hypertensive Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 58.98 (14.83) | 58.74 (15.02) | 59.25 (14.62) | - | |||
Median (IQR) | 61.00 (60) | 61.00 (60) | 61.00 (60) | 0.325 | |||
Family income under the poverty threshold | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 4869 | 79.6% | 2586 | 81.1% | 2283 * | 77.9% | 0.002 * |
Yes | 1251 | 20.4% | 602 | 18.9% | 649 * | 22.1% | |
Physically inactive | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 4869 | 79.6% | 2586 | 81.1% | 2283 * | 77.9% | <0.001 * |
Yes | 1251 | 20.4% | 602 | 18.9% | 649 * | 22.1% | |
Health perceived as negative | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 2091 | 34.2% | 1038 | 32.6% | 1053 * | 35.9% | 0.006 |
Yes | 4029 | 65.8% | 2150 | 67.4% | 1879 * | 64.1% | |
Unhealthy Diet | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 2011 | 32.9% | 963 | 30.2% | 1048 * | 35.7% | <0.001 * |
Yes | 4109 | 67.1% | 2225 | 69.8% | 1884 * | 64.3% | |
Being an alcohol drinker or having been a drinker | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 4843 | 79.1% | 2221 | 69.7% | 2622 * | 89.4% | <0.001 * |
Yes | 1277 | 20.9% | 967 | 30.3% | 310 * | 10.6% | |
Congestive Heart Failure | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 5670 | 92.6% | 2937 | 92.1% | 2733 | 93.2% | 0.104 |
Yes | 450 | 7.4% | 251 | 7.9% | 199 | 6.8% | |
Coronary Heart disease | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 5601 | 91.5% | 2838 | 89.0% | 2763 * | 94.2% | <0.001 * |
Yes | 519 | 8.5% | 350 | 11.0% | 169 * | 5.8% | |
Angina Pectoris | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 5809 | 94.9% | 3003 | 94.2% | 2806 * | 95.7% | 0.007 |
Yes | 311 | 5.1% | 185 | 5.8% | 126 * | 4.3% | |
Heart Attack | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 5590 | 91.3% | 2835 | 88.9% | 2755 * | 94.0% | 0.001 * |
Yes | 530 | 8.7% | 353 | 11.1% | 177 * | 6.0% | |
Stroke | General Population (n = 6120) | Males (n = 3188) | Females (n = 2932) | p | |||
No | 5610 | 91.7% | 2925 | 91.8% | 2685 | 91.6% | 0.805 |
Yes | 510 | 8.3% | 263 | 8.2% | 247 | 8.4% |
Equal/Above Poverty Threshold | Under Poverty Threshold | X2 | Phi | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Inactivity | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
No | 3300 | 67.8% | 764 * | 61.1% | 20.06 | −0.057 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1569 | 32.2% | 487 * | 38.9% | |||
Health perceived as negative | |||||||
No | 3425 | 70,3% | 604 * | 48.3% | 215.36 | −0.188 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1444 | 29,7% | 647 * | 51.7% | |||
Unhealthy diet | |||||||
Yes | 3400 | 69,8% | 709 * | 56.7% | 78.07 | −0.113 | <0.001 |
No | 1469 | 30,2% | 542 * | 43.3% | |||
Being an alcohol drinker or former drinker | |||||||
No | 3948 | 81.1% | 895 * | 71.5% | 54.88 | −0.095 | <0.001 |
Yes | 921 | 18.9% | 356 * | 28.5% |
Equal/Above Poverty Threshold | Under Poverty Threshold | X2 | Phi | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Congestive Heart Failure | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
No | 4537 | 93.2% | 1133 * | 90.6% | 9.98 | 0.040 | 0.002 * |
Yes | 332 | 6.8% | 118 * | 9.4% | |||
Coronary heart disease | |||||||
No | 4460 | 91.6% | 1141 | 91.2% | 0.198 | 0.006 | 0.656 |
Yes | 409 | 8.4% | 110 | 8.8% | |||
Angina pectoris | |||||||
No | 4633 | 95.2% | 1176 | 94.0% | 2.720 | 0.021 | 0.099 |
Yes | 236 | 4.8% | 75 | 6.0% | |||
Heart attack | |||||||
No | 4478 | 92.0% | 1112 * | 88.9% | 11.94 | 0.044 | 0.001 * |
Yes | 391 | 8.0% | 139 * | 11.1% | |||
Stroke | |||||||
No | 4490 | 92.2% | 1120 * | 89.5% | 9.41 | 0.039 | 0.02 * |
Yes | 379 | 7.8% | 131 * | 10.5% |
95% CI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suffering Any of the Studied Cardiac Pathologies (Yes) | B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp (B) | Lower | Upper |
Age | 0.055 | 0.003 | 370.939 | 1 | <0.001 | 1.057 | 1.051 | 1.063 |
Gender (female) | −0.388 | 0.071 | 30.085 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.678 | 0.590 | 0.779 |
Race (Mexican American) | 57.330 | 5 | <0.001 | |||||
Race (Other Hispanic) | −0.848 | 0.217 | 15.324 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.428 | 0.280 | 0.655 |
Race (Non-Hispanic White) | −0.489 | 0.211 | 5.395 | 1 | 0.020 | 0.613 | 0.406 | 0.926 |
Race (Non-Hispanic Black) | −0.014 | 0.183 | 0.006 | 1 | 0.939 | 0.986 | 0.688 | 1.412 |
Race (Non-Hispanic Asian) | −0.198 | 0.187 | 1.127 | 1 | 0.288 | 0.820 | 0.569 | 1.182 |
Race (Other Race and Multiracial) | −0.774 | 0.247 | 9.809 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.461 | 0.284 | 0.749 |
Physically inactive (no) | −0.248 | 0.071 | 12.293 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.780 | 0.679 | 0.896 |
Health perceived as negative (no) | −1.075 | 0.072 | 226.051 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.341 | 0.297 | 0.393 |
Family income under the poverty threshold (no) | −0.320 | 0.083 | 14.751 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.726 | 0.617 | 0.855 |
Being an alcohol drinker or having been a drinker (no) | −0.315 | 0.081 | 15.075 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.730 | 0.622 | 0.856 |
Constant | −3.038 | 0.258 | 138.434 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.048 | ||
Unhealthy Diet † | 0.191 |
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Carrasco-Marcelo, L.; Pereira-Payo, D.; Mendoza-Muñoz, M.; Pastor-Cisneros, R. Reduced Income and Its Associations with Physical Inactivity, Unhealthy Habits, and Cardiac Complications in the Hypertensive Population. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 2300-2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080153
Carrasco-Marcelo L, Pereira-Payo D, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Pastor-Cisneros R. Reduced Income and Its Associations with Physical Inactivity, Unhealthy Habits, and Cardiac Complications in the Hypertensive Population. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(8):2300-2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080153
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrasco-Marcelo, Lucía, Damián Pereira-Payo, María Mendoza-Muñoz, and Raquel Pastor-Cisneros. 2024. "Reduced Income and Its Associations with Physical Inactivity, Unhealthy Habits, and Cardiac Complications in the Hypertensive Population" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 8: 2300-2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080153