Relationship between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Healthy Women Aged 18–50 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Conception and Subjects
2.2. Physical Activity and Sun Exposure Scores Assessment
2.2.1. Physical Activity (PA) Measurement
2.2.2. Sun Exposure Assessment
2.3. Anthropometric and Laboratory Assessment
Vitamin D, Lipids Profiles, and Atherogenic Indices Evaluation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants According to 25(OH)D Status
3.2. Association of Lipid Profiles and Atherogenic Indices with 25(OH)D Concentrations
3.3. The Association between 25(OH)D Level and the Occurrences of Hypertriglyceridemia and High Atherogenic Indices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants Characteristics | Total = 300 | 25(OH)D <12 ng/mL N = 129 | 25(OH)D (12–20 ng/mL) N = 73 | 25(OH)D >20 ng/mL N = 97 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | N (%) | ||||
Age (years) * | 38 ± 18 (18–50) | 33 ± 20 (20–50) | 38 ± 18 (18–50) | 41 ± 14 (19–50) | 0.006 b |
18–28 | 96 (32) | 53 (40.8) | 23 (31.5) | 20 (20.6) | 0.020 c |
29–39 | 89 (29.7) | 37 (28.5) | 22 (30.1) | 30 (30.9) | |
40–50 | 115 (38.3) | 40 (30.8) | 28 (38.4) | 47 (48.5) | |
BMI (kg/m2) * | 25.74 ± 4.81 (14.53–38.10) | 26.45 ± 5.92 (17.47–38.10) | 26.35 ± 4.60 (14.53–36.65) | 24.84 ± 4.08 (14.53–32.39) | 0.008 b |
Normal weight | 122 (40.7) | 45 (34.6) | 25 (34.2) | 52 (53.6) | 0.001 c |
Overweight | 124 (14.3) | 51 (39.2) | 34 (46.6) | 39 (40.2) | |
Obese | 54 (18) | 34 (26.2) | 14 (19.2) | 6 (6.2) | |
Sun exposure score * | 15.25 ± 6.86 | 13.21 ± 5.75 (5.06 -23.06) | 14.75 ± 8.09 (7.5–31) | 18.35 ± 8.99 (8.5–34.50) | <0.0001 b |
Physical activity score (MET-min/week) * | 2038.8 ± 1838.7 (519–4458) | 1778.4 ± 1721.1 (519.6–4458) | 1597.6 ± 1318.8 (519–4197.8) | 2896.6 ±1300.3 (799–4197) | <0.0001 b |
low physical activity score <600 MET-min/week | 19 (6.3) | 9 (6.9) | 10 (13.7) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 c |
Moderate physical activity score ≥600–2999 METs/min/week | 213 (71) | 97 (74.6) | 54 (74) | 62 (63.9) | |
High physical activity score ≥3000 MET-min/week | 68 (22.7) | 24 (18.5) | 09 (12.3) | 35 (36.1) | |
Biochemical Characteristics | N (%) | ||||
25(OH)D (ng/mL) * | 13.97 ± 15.17 (3–61.60) | 8.30 ± 3.43 (3–11.89) | 15.70 ± 4.04 (1.02–19.80) | 27.84 ± 10.52 (20.10–61.60) | <0.0001 b |
TC (mg/dL) * | 188 ± 55 (109–352) | 195 ± 49 (109–352) | 190 ± 65 (109–349) | 177 ± 48 (113–287) | 0.153 b |
Elevated TC (mg/dL) | 91 (30.3) | 41 (31.5) | 26 (35.6) | 24 (24.7) | 0.288 c |
HDL-C (mg/dL) * | 56 ± 23 (0.26–165) | 55 ± 24 (26–165) | 56 ± 21 32–128) | 60 ± 24 (32–154) | 0.153 b |
Low HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56 (18.7) | 29 (22.3) | 15 (20.5) | 12 (12.4) | 0.147 c |
LDL-C (mg/dL) * | 104 ± 044 (35–247) | 107 ± 36 (35–222) | 107 ± 48 (58–247) | 96 ± 44 (41–202) | 0.334 b |
Elevated LDL-C (mg/dL) | 50 (16.7) | 21 (16.2) | 15 (20.5) | 14 (14.4) | 0.559 c |
TG (mg/dL) * | 97 ± 75 (29–379) | 116 ± 86 (40–320) | 109 ± 87 (29–379) | 81 ± 42 (30–227) | <0.0001 b |
Elevated TG (mg/dL) | 57 (19%) | 33 (25.4) | 19 (26) | 5 (5.2) | <0.0001 c |
Atherogenic Indices Characteristics | N (%) | ||||
AIP (N”) | 0.23 ± 0.25 (−0.38–0.82) | 0.30 ± 0.25 (−0.23–0.81) | 0.28 ± 0.25 (−0.35–0.82) | 0.11 ± 0.25 (−0.38–0.58) | <0.0001 a |
Elevated AIP | 182 (60.7) | 96 (73.8) | 50 (68.5) | 36 (37.1) | <0.0001 c |
Non-HDL-C mg/dL * | 123 ± 50 (57–268) | 129 ± 46 (64–251) | 130 ± 50 (72–268) | 110 ± 50 (57–239) | 0.004 b |
Elevated Non-HDL-C | 129 (43) | 65 (50) | 36 (49.3) | 28 (28.9) | 0.003 c |
AC * | 2.19 ±1.17 (0.39–9.35) | 2.35 ± 1.29 (0.39–9.35) | 2.32 ± 1.32 (0.56–5.29) | 1.82 ± 0.91 (0.40–4.98) | <0.0001 b |
Elevated AC | 67 (22.3) | 35 (26.9) | 23 (31.5) | 9 (9.3) | 0.001 c |
CRI-I * | 3.19 ±1.17 (1.39–10.35) | 3.35 ± 1.29 (1.39–10.35) | 3.30 ± 1.33 (1.56–6.29) | 2.82 ± 0.91 (1.40–5.98) | <0.0001 b |
Elevated CRI-I | 177 (59) | 88 (67.7) | 48 (65.8) | 41 (42.3) | <0.0001 c |
CRI-II * | 1.79 ±0.98 (0.21–8.54) | 1.91 ± 0.99 (0.21–8.54) | 1.98 ± 1.05 (0.45–3.97) | 1.63 ± 0.81 (0.29–4.21) | 0.035 b |
Elevated CRI-II | 18 (6) | 10 (7.7) | 5 (6.8) | 3 (3.4) | 0.332 c |
CHOLIndex (CI) * | 0.45 ± 0.44 (−1.30–1.96) | 0.52 ± 0.43 (−1.30–1.96) | 0.53 ± 0.47 (−0.70–1.80) | 0.38 ±0.41 (−1.10–1.54) | 0.011 b |
Elevated CI | 0% | - | - | - |
Age (year) | BMI (kg/m2) | Sun Exposure Score | Physical Activity Score (MET-min/week) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TC (mg/dL) | 0.085 | 0.288 *** | −0.027 | −0.072 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.054 | 0.071 | 0.204 *** | 0.226 *** |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.106 | 0.196 ** | −0.034 | −0.060 |
TG (mg/dL) | −0.50 | 0.266 *** | −0.232 *** | −0.371 *** |
AIP | −0.052 | 0.226 *** | −0.306 *** | −0.432 *** |
AC | 0.032 | 0.141 * | −0.206 *** | −0.264 *** |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.060 | 0253 *** | −0.091 | −0.147 * |
CRI-I | 0.032 | 0.141 * | −0.206 *** | −0.264 *** |
CRI-II | 0.078 | 0.096 | −0.157 ** | −0.194 ** |
CHOLIndex | 0.091 | 0.136 * | −0.106 | −0.133 * |
Dependent Variables | 25(OH)D ng/mL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | B (95% CI) | Beta | p-Value | |
TC | −0.555 | −0.701 to −0.414 | −0.130 | 0.024 |
HDL-C | 0.216 | 0.159 to 0.272 | 0.137 | 0.017 |
LDL-C | −0.484 | −0.569 to −0.349 | −0.144 | 0.014 |
TG | −1.528 | −1.688 to −1.362 | −0.314 | <0.0001 |
AIP | −0.009 | −0.011 to −0.006 | −0.366 | <0.0001 |
AC | −0.021 | −0.024 to −0.018 | −0.261 | <0.0001 |
Non-HDL-C | −0.817 | −0.930 to −0.707 | −0.231 | <0.0001 |
CRI-I | −0.021 | −0.024 to −0.018 | −0.261 | <0.0001 |
CRI-II | −0.012 | −0.014 to −0.01 | −0.176 | 0.003 |
CHOLIndex | −0.006 | −0.007 to −0.005 | −0.169 | 0.004 |
Dependent Variables a | 25(OH)D ng/mL | 25(OH)D Status b | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Wald | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | B | Wald | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
TG | Unadjusted | −0.071 | 13.490 | 0.931 (0.897–0.967) | <0.0001 | 1.846 | 14.40 | 6.336 (2.442–16.443) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | −0.056 | 8.086 | 0.946 (0.910–0.983) | 0.004 | 1.590 | 10.28 | 4.904 (1.856–12.959) | 0.001 | |
Model 2 | −0.047 | 5.164 | 0.954 (0.916–0.993) | 0.023 | 1.355 | 7.065 | 3.876 (1.427–10.525) | 0.008 | |
AIP | Unadjusted | −0.078 | 34.926 | 0.924 (0.901–0.949) | <0.0001 | 1.468 | 31.427 | 4.340 (2.598–7.251) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | −0.072 | 28.495 | 0.931 (0.906–0.956) | <0.0001 | 1.291 | 23.111 | 3.637 (2.149–6.158) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | −0.062 | 20.811 | 0.940 (0.915–0.965) | <0.0001 | 1.069 | 14.642 | 2.912 (1.684–5.035) | <0.0001 | |
AC | Unadjusted | −0.050 | 9.753 | 0.951 (0.921–0.981) | 0.001 | 1.364 | 12.687 | 3.911 (1.847–8.284) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | −0.047 | 7.885 | 0.954 (0.924–0.986) | 0.005 | 1.278 | 10.765 | 3.589 (1.673–7.700) | 0.001 | |
Model 2 | −0.042 | 4.924 | 0.958 (0.922–0.995) | 0.026 | 1.103 | 7.511 | 3.190 (1.463–6.957) | 0.006 | |
Non-HDL-C | Unadjusted | −0.041 | 11.325 | 0.959 (0.937–0.983) | 0.001 | 0.892 | 11.382 | 2.440 (1.453–4.097) | 0.001 |
Model 1 | −0.32 | 6.381 | 0.969 (0.945–0.993) | 0.012 | 0.729 | 7.154 | 2.074 (1.215–3.540) | 0.007 | |
Model 2 | −0.038 | 6.497 | 0.962 (0935–0.991) | 0.011 | 0.716 | 6.318 | 2.047 (1.171–3.578) | 0.012 | |
CRI-I | Unadjusted | −0.039 | 12.10 | 0.961 (0.939–0.982) | <0.0001 | 1.020 | 16.116 | 2.772 (1.685–4.561) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | −0.034 | 8.264 | 0.967 (0.944–0.989) | 0.004 | 0.905 | 11.998 | 2.481 (1.481–4.123) | 0.001 | |
Model 2 | −0.029 | 5.727 | 0.971 (0.948–0.994) | 0.017 | 0.823 | 9.098 | 2.278 (1.334–3.888) | 0.003 |
Variable | AUC (95% CI) | p-Value | Youden Index | Cutoff (ng/mL) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG > 150 mg/dL | 0.657 (0.586–0.727) | <0.0001 | 0.294 | ≤15.15 | 77.19 | 52.26 |
AIP > 0.15 | 0.702 (0.641–0.764) | <0.0001 | 0.346 | ≤17.5 | 73.63 | 61.02 |
AC > 3.0 | 0.615 (0.545–0.685) | 0.004 | 0.243 | ≤19.8 | 86.57 | 37.77 |
Non-HDL-C > 130 mg/dL | 0.609 (0.545–0.672) | 0.001 | 0.188 | ≤20.1 | 79.07 | 39.77 |
CRI-I > 3.0 | 0.626 (0.562–0.690) | <0.0001 | 0.228 | ≤19.5 | 75.71 | 47.15 |
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Lhilali, I.; Zouine, N.; Godderis, L.; El Midaoui, A.; El Jaafari, S.; Filali-Zegzouti, Y. Relationship between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Healthy Women Aged 18–50 Years. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 2337-2357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080155
Lhilali I, Zouine N, Godderis L, El Midaoui A, El Jaafari S, Filali-Zegzouti Y. Relationship between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Healthy Women Aged 18–50 Years. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(8):2337-2357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080155
Chicago/Turabian StyleLhilali, Ilham, Noura Zouine, Lode Godderis, Adil El Midaoui, Samir El Jaafari, and Younes Filali-Zegzouti. 2024. "Relationship between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Healthy Women Aged 18–50 Years" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 8: 2337-2357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080155