Social Anxiety among Middle-Aged Teachers in Secondary Education Schools
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale (SIAS-6 and SPS-6)
2.4.2. Experience in Close Relationships (ECR-R-10)
2.4.3. Zuckerman, Kuhlman, and Aluya Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ)
2.4.4. Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-6)
2.4.5. Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)
2.4.6. Outcome Inventory (OI-21)
2.4.7. Burnout Measure, Short Version (BMS-10)
2.4.8. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Psychological Measures of Participants
3.2. Social Anxiety Symptoms of Participants by Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.3. Pearson Correlations among Mental Health Variables
3.4. Multiple Linear Regression Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Nonclinical Implications
4.2. Clinical Implications
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Scores of Psychological Measures | Mean (SD 1) |
Attachment | |
- Attachment anxiety (range 5–35) - Attachment avoidance (range 5–35) | |
Personality trait | |
- Extraversion (range 8–32) - Neuroticism (range 8–32) | 23.65 (4.25) 17.62 (5.75) |
Anxiety and depression | |
- Anxiety (range 0–24) - Depression (range 0–20) | 7.99 (5.44) 3.54 (3.96) |
Loneliness (range 6–24) | 12.50 (4.88) |
Perceived stress (range 0–40) | 16.63 (8.57) |
Job burnout (range 10–70) - Presence of job burnout (mean score >4) | 25.47 (12.90) 43 (12.6) |
Teaching evaluation | 3.16 (1.72) |
- Intensity of teaching evaluation (range 0–4) - Anxiety level of teaching evaluation (range 0–4) | 2.01(1.04) 1.16 (1.04) |
Social anxiety symptoms-Total (range 0–48) | 8.92 (9.42) |
- Social interaction anxiety scale (range 0–24) - Social phobia scale (range 0–24) - Social anxiety symptom (SIAS ≥ 7 and SPS ≥ 2), n (%) | 4.51 (4.63) 4.41 (5.06) 98 (28.7) |
Demographic Characteristic | n (%) | SIAS and SPS Total Score | Test Difference 6 | With Social Anxiety Symptoms n (%) | Without Social Anxiety Symptoms n (%) | Test Difference 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD 1 | p-Value | n (%) | n (%) | p-Value | ||
Age | ||||||
45–49 | 175 (51.3) | 9.78 ± 9.19 | 0.187 | 57 (32.6) | 118 (67.4) | 0.176 |
50–54 | 86 (25.2) | 8.41 ± 9.66 | 24 (27.9) | 62 (72.1) | ||
55–59 | 80 (23.5) | 7.58 ± 9.58 | 17 (21.25) | 63 (78.75) | ||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 106 (31.1) | 10.38 ± 9.92 | 0.055 | 38 (35.8) | 68 (64.2) | 0.051 |
Female | 235 (68.9) | 8.26 ± 9.13 | 60 (25.5) | 175 (74.5) | ||
Education | ||||||
Bachelor’s degree or lower 2 | 216 (63.3) | 9.88 ± 9.66 | 72 (33.3) | 144 (66.7) | ||
Master’s degree or higher 3 | 125 (36.7) | 7.26 ± 8.79 | 0.011 | 26 (20.8) | 99 (79.2) | 0.014 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single 4 | 131 (38.4) | 8.91 ± 9.24 | 0.988 | 40 (30.5) | 91 (69.5) | 0.563 |
In relationship 5 | 210 (61.6) | 8.92 ± 9.55 | 58 (27.6) | 152 (72.4) | ||
Income (Thai Baht) | ||||||
≤20,000 | 81 (23.8) | 9.73 ± 9.44 | 0.376 | 26 (32.1) | 55 (67.9) | 0.444 |
>20,000 | 260 (76.2) | 8.67 ± 9.42 | 72 (27.7) | 188 (72.3) |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Attachment anxiety | 1 | ||||||||||
2. Attachment avoidance | −0.103 | 1 | |||||||||
3. Neuroticism | 0.405 ** | −0.091 | 1 | ||||||||
4. Extraversion | −0.173 ** | −0.232 ** | −0.277 ** | 1 | |||||||
5. Anxiety | 0.425 ** | 0.009 | 0.638 ** | −0.292 ** | 1 | ||||||
6. Depression | 0.386 ** | 0.068 | 0.555 ** | −0.324 ** | 0.728 ** | 1 | |||||
7. Loneliness | 0.381 ** | −0.007 | 0.618 ** | −0.329 ** | 0.643 ** | 0.640 ** | 1 | ||||
8. Perceived social stress | 0.304 ** | −0.122 * | 0.522 ** | −0.081 | 0.598 ** | 0.553 ** | 0.623 ** | 1 | |||
9. Job burnout | 0.391 ** | −0.076 | 0.590 ** | −0.257 ** | 0.739 ** | 0.740 ** | 0.659 ** | 0.599 ** | 1 | ||
10. Teaching evaluation | 0.163 ** | −0.181 ** | 0.196 ** | −0.004 | 0.291 ** | 0.227 ** | 0.105 | 0.127 * | 0.223 ** | 1 | |
11. SIAS and SPS 1 | 0.356 ** | 0.192 ** | 0.446 ** | −0.403 ** | 0.523 ** | 0.584 ** | 0.572 ** | 0.463 ** | 0.464 ** | −0.075 | 1 |
Predictor | B 1 | SE 2 | β 3 | p-Value | 95% LL-CI 4 | 95% UL-CI 5 | Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | −2.761 | 4.141 | 0.505 | −10.909 | 5.386 | |||
Age | −0.419 | 0.447 | −0.038 | 0.350 | −1.298 | 0.461 | 0.921 | 1.085 |
Sex | 1.329 | 0.781 | 0.068 | 0.090 | −0.209 | 2.867 | 0.934 | 1.071 |
Education | −0.926 | 0.803 | −0.049 | 0.250 | −2.505 | 0.654 | 0.831 | 1.203 |
Marital status | 1.920 | 0.754 | 0.103 | 0.011 | 0.437 | 3.404 | 0.926 | 1.080 |
Income | 1.904 | 0.943 | 0.087 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 3.758 | 0.813 | 1.230 |
Attachment anxiety | 0.232 | 0.064 | 0.165 | <0.001 | 0.106 | 0.359 | 0.731 | 1.369 |
Attachment avoidance | 0.154 | 0.045 | 0.145 | 0.001 | 0.066 | 0.243 | 0.852 | 1.173 |
Extraversion | −0.385 | 0.095 | −0.179 | <0.001 | −0.573 | −0.198 | 0.771 | 1.298 |
Neuroticism | 0.028 | 0.089 | 0.018 | 0.751 | −0.147 | 0.204 | 0.480 | 2.084 |
Anxiety | 0.017 | 0.115 | 0.010 | 0.885 | −0.209 | 0.242 | 0.334 | 2.996 |
Depression | 0.555 | 0.156 | 0.242 | <0.001 | 0.248 | 0.862 | 0.327 | 3.056 |
Loneliness | 0.340 | 0.122 | 0.182 | 0.006 | 0.099 | 0.580 | 0.355 | 2.814 |
Perceived social stress | 0.252 | 0.061 | 0.235 | <0.001 | 0.131 | 0.373 | 0.461 | 2.169 |
Job burnout | −0.052 | 0.052 | −0.071 | 0.314 | −0.154 | 0.050 | 0.307 | 3.261 |
* Adjusted R2 = 0.511, F (14, 309) = 25.100, p < 0.001 |
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Guo, L.; Awiphan, R.; Wongpakaran, T.; Kanjanarat, P.; Wedding, D. Social Anxiety among Middle-Aged Teachers in Secondary Education Schools. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 2390-2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080158
Guo L, Awiphan R, Wongpakaran T, Kanjanarat P, Wedding D. Social Anxiety among Middle-Aged Teachers in Secondary Education Schools. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(8):2390-2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080158
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Lihan, Ratanaporn Awiphan, Tinakon Wongpakaran, Penkarn Kanjanarat, and Danny Wedding. 2024. "Social Anxiety among Middle-Aged Teachers in Secondary Education Schools" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 8: 2390-2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080158