Variations in Essential Oil Biological Activities of Female Cones at Different Developmental Stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Plant Material and Collection Site
2.3. Essential Oil Extraction by Hydrodistillation Method
2.4. Essential Oil Composition Analysis
2.5. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Evaluation
2.5.1. DPPH Free-Radical-Scavenging Activity (FRSA) Assay
2.5.2. β-Carotene-Linoleic Acid Bleaching Activity (BCBA) Assay
2.6. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity
2.6.1. Microbial Strains and Culture Media
2.6.2. Disc Diffusion Method (DDM)
2.7. Brine Shrimp Lethality Activity (BSLA) Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Essential Oils’ Isolation and Chemical Composition of Immature and Mature Female Cones (IFC and MFC) from Azorean C. japonica
3.2. Biological Activities of Immature and Mature Female Cones (IFC and MFC) from Azorean C. japonica
3.2.1. In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Evaluated by Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Assays
3.2.2. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities
3.2.3. Brine Shrimp Lethality Activity (BSLA)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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No. | Class | Component | RT (min) | RI | Relative Content (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFC EO | MFC EO | |||||
1 | MH | α-Pinene | 12.63 | 929 | 19.53 ± 0.45 | 41.32 ± 1.31 |
2 | MH | Sabinene | 14.78 | 967 | 3.86 ± 0.04 | 5.38 ± 0.51 |
3 | MH | Limonene | 18.22 | 1024 | 1.54 ± 0.17 | 1.11 ± 0.03 |
4 | MH | γ-Terpinene | 20.11 | 1052 | 2.69 ± 0.25 | 1.02 ± 0.08 |
5 | OCM | Terpinen-4-ol | 28.49 | 1175 | 11.21 ± 1.08 | 5.97 ± 0.51 |
6 | OCM | Bornyl acetate | 35.55 | 1278 | 1.55 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.02 |
7 | OCS | Elemol | 52.32 | 1540 | 11.01 ± 0.05 | 7.00 ± 0.02 |
8 | OCS | γ-Eudesmol | 57.19 | 1623 | 11.41 ± 0.21 | 2.82 ± 0.03 |
9 | OCS | α+β-Eudesmol | 58.52 | 1646 | 10.32 ± 1.00 | 11.81 ± 0.29 |
10 | DH | Phyllocladene | 77.34 | 2009 | 6.54 ± 0.09 | 1.32 ± 0.01 |
11 | OCD | Nezukol | 82.41 | 2119 | 1.77 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
Total identified components | - | - | 99.24 ± 0.89 | 98.44 ± 1.29 |
EO and Compound | IC50, mg/mL | |
---|---|---|
DPPH–FRSA | BCBA | |
IFC EO | 0.67 ± 0.24 a | 0.097 ± 0.09 a |
MFC EO | 2.04 ± 0.54 b | 0.204 ± 0.04 b |
α-Pinene | NA | NA |
Terpinen-4-ol | NA | NA |
Bornyl acetate | NA | NA |
Ascorbic acid | 0.004 ± 0.0002 | - |
Gallic acid | - | 0.02 ± 0.003 |
Microorganism | Growth Inhibition Zone (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO Sample | EO Compound | Reference Compound | |||||
IFC | MFC | α-Pinene | Terpinen-4-ol | Bornyl acetate | Kanamycin | Clotrimazole | |
Bacillus subtilis | 12 ± 1 b | 10 ± 1 c | 8 ± 1 c | 13 ± 1 b | 21 ± 1 a | 39 ± 2 | - |
Bacillus licheniformis | 9 ± 1 b | 8 ± 1 b | 9 ± 1 b | 16 ± 1 a | 17 ± 3 a | 34 ± 2 | - |
Micrococcus luteus | 10 ± 1 c | 12 ± 2 b | 18 ± 1 a | 7 ± 1 d | NA | 30 ± 0 | - |
Staphylococcus aureus | 20 ± 2 a | 9 ± 2 bc | 17 ± 1 a | 10 ± 1 b | 8 ± 0 c | 29 ± 2 | - |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 13 ± 3 a | 10 ± 1 ab | 10 ± 2 ab | 8 ± 2 b | NA | 36 ± 3 | - |
Serratia marcescens | NA | NA | 8 ± 1 b | 21 ± 2 a | NA | 24 ± 0 | - |
Enterobacter cloacae | NA | NA | 7 ± 1 b | 31 ± 3 a | NA | 21 ± 1 | - |
Escherichia coli | NA | NA | 8 ± 1 b | 18 ± 1 a | NA | 24 ± 1 | - |
Penicillium italicum | 9 ± 1 b | NA | 7 ± 0 b | 13 ± 0 a | NA | - | 20 ± 1 |
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Janeiro, A.; Lima, A.; Arruda, F.; Wortham, T.; Rodrigues, T.; Baptista, J.; Lima, E. Variations in Essential Oil Biological Activities of Female Cones at Different Developmental Stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae). Separations 2024, 11, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040102
Janeiro A, Lima A, Arruda F, Wortham T, Rodrigues T, Baptista J, Lima E. Variations in Essential Oil Biological Activities of Female Cones at Different Developmental Stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae). Separations. 2024; 11(4):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040102
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaneiro, Alexandre, Ana Lima, Filipe Arruda, Tanner Wortham, Tânia Rodrigues, José Baptista, and Elisabete Lima. 2024. "Variations in Essential Oil Biological Activities of Female Cones at Different Developmental Stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae)" Separations 11, no. 4: 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040102