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Article

Using Symmetries to Investigate the Complete Integrability, Solitary Wave Solutions and Solitons of the Gardner Equation

by
Willy Hereman
1,*,† and
Ünal Göktaş
2,†
1
Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401-1887, USA
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3112, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Math. Comput. Appl. 2024, 29(5), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca29050091
Submission received: 26 July 2024 / Revised: 26 September 2024 / Accepted: 27 September 2024 / Published: 3 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Methods for Solving Differential Equations)

Abstract

In this paper, using a scaling symmetry, it is shown how to compute polynomial conservation laws, generalized symmetries, recursion operators, Lax pairs, and bilinear forms of polynomial nonlinear partial differential equations, thereby establishing their complete integrability. The Gardner equation is chosen as the key example, as it comprises both the Korteweg–de Vries and modified Korteweg–de Vries equations. The Gardner and Miura transformations, which connect these equations, are also computed using the concept of scaling homogeneity. Exact solitary wave solutions and solitons of the Gardner equation are derived using Hirota’s method and other direct methods. The nature of these solutions depends on the sign of the cubic term in the Gardner equation and the underlying mKdV equation. It is shown that flat (table-top) waves of large amplitude only occur when the sign of the cubic nonlinearity is negative (defocusing case), whereas the focusing Gardner equation has standard elastically colliding solitons. This paper’s aim is to provide a review of the integrability properties and solutions of the Gardner equation and to illustrate the applicability of the scaling symmetry approach. The methods and algorithms used in this paper have been implemented in Mathematica, but can be adapted for major computer algebra systems.
Keywords: Gardner equation; scaling symmetry; integrability; solitary waves; solitons; symbolic computation Gardner equation; scaling symmetry; integrability; solitary waves; solitons; symbolic computation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Hereman, W.; Göktaş, Ü. Using Symmetries to Investigate the Complete Integrability, Solitary Wave Solutions and Solitons of the Gardner Equation. Math. Comput. Appl. 2024, 29, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/mca29050091

AMA Style

Hereman W, Göktaş Ü. Using Symmetries to Investigate the Complete Integrability, Solitary Wave Solutions and Solitons of the Gardner Equation. Mathematical and Computational Applications. 2024; 29(5):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/mca29050091

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hereman, Willy, and Ünal Göktaş. 2024. "Using Symmetries to Investigate the Complete Integrability, Solitary Wave Solutions and Solitons of the Gardner Equation" Mathematical and Computational Applications 29, no. 5: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/mca29050091

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