Measured and Predicted Speckle Correlation from Diffractive Metasurface Diffusers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Processing/Fabrication
2.2. Speckle Contrast Definition
2.3. FFT Correlation Function Definition and Method of Use
2.4. Simulation Setup
2.5. Measurement Setup
3. Results
3.1. Reduction of Speckle Contrast through an Increase in Divergence Angle of Input Beam, as Well as the Benefits of VCSEL Illumination in Reducing Speckle Contrast
3.1.1. Beam Shape, Divergence Angle and Multiple Emitters Can Be Used to Reduce Speckle Contrast
3.1.2. Variation of Speckle Contrast across Profile Decreases as Divergence Angle Increases
3.2. Cross-Correlation Study of Speckle Patterns Shows the Deterministic Nature of the Speckle Pattern We Observed in Simulation Is Lost in Measurements
3.2.1. Speckle Pattern Must Be Separated from Diffuser Profile to Track the Similarity between Speckles Obtained from Profiles with Different Illumination Conditions
3.2.2. Simulated Speckle Patterns Show Systematic Shift According to Lateral Offset and Divergence of the Light Source, but the Shift Is Not Reproducible in the Analysis of Measured Speckle Patterns
3.2.3. Cross-Correlation Rejects the Notion That the Detailed Simulated and Measured Speckles Patterns Can Be Related
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method of Reducing Speckle Contrast | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Large divergence angle (including VCSEL illumination) | Effective at reducing speckle contrast down to 6%, as demonstrated in Figure 5 | If the diffuser is not optimized for divergent light sources, the profile shape is blurred, as shown in Figure 4 |
Increased number of emitters in VCSEL [18,19] | Up to 100 emitters, we see an improvement, as shown in Figure 6 | For more than 100 emitters, we do not see a significant improvement |
Integration of MEMS [22,23] | The method described in [23] is highly dependent on the height of the diffuser design:
| |
Random vibration [20,21] | For application, the system proposed in Ref [20] requires not only an external source to introduce vibrations but also two separate diffuser elements. The proposal seen in Ref [21] is also inconvenient for application that require compact systems | |
Mechanical motion [18,19] | The system proposed is a combination of a depolarizing screen, Galvano scan, dual polarizations and a moving diffuser to reduce speckle contrast of a laser source from 97% to 7% Ref [18]. | Moving diffuser means that a mechanical component must be added to the illumination module to reduce the speckle contrast of the diffuser, making the module less compact |
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Fugger, S.; Gow, J.; Ma, H.; Johansen, V.E.; Quaade, U.J. Measured and Predicted Speckle Correlation from Diffractive Metasurface Diffusers. Photonics 2024, 11, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090845
Fugger S, Gow J, Ma H, Johansen VE, Quaade UJ. Measured and Predicted Speckle Correlation from Diffractive Metasurface Diffusers. Photonics. 2024; 11(9):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090845
Chicago/Turabian StyleFugger, Sif, Jonathan Gow, Hongfeng Ma, Villads Egede Johansen, and Ulrich J. Quaade. 2024. "Measured and Predicted Speckle Correlation from Diffractive Metasurface Diffusers" Photonics 11, no. 9: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090845