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Photonics
Volume 9
Issue 5
10.3390/photonics9050330
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Review

Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Depression or Induced by Antidepressant Medications

by
Farzad Salehpour
1,2,
Mahsa Khademi
3,
Farzan Vahedifard
4 and
Paolo Cassano
5,6,7,8,*
1
College for Light Medicine and Photobiomodulation, D-82319 Starnberg, Germany
2
ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85083, USA
3
Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666, Iran
4
Division of Neuroradiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
5
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02110, USA
6
Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02110, USA
7
Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02110, USA
8
Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02110, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2022, 9(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050330
Submission received: 31 March 2022 / Revised: 15 April 2022 / Accepted: 15 April 2022 / Published: 11 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light as a Cure: Photobiomodulation, from the Cell to the Clinical Application)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is frequently encountered in patients suffering from depression. There is a bidirectional relationship between various types of SD and depression, so the presence or treatment of one condition may exacerbate or improve the other condition. The most frequent sexual problem in untreated depressed patients is declining sexual desire, while in treated depressed patients it is difficulties with erection/ejaculation and with orgasm. Numerous classes of neuropsychiatric medications, commonly used in depressed patients—such as antidepressant, antipsychotic, alpha sympathetic, and opioid drugs—may cause SD. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, also called low-level light/laser therapy, is a novel neuromodulation technique for neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression. Transcranial PBM (tPBM) targets the cellular metabolism—through the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase—and has numerous cellular and physiological beneficial effects on the central nervous system. This paper represents a comprehensive review of the application of tPBM to SD, coexisting with depression or induced by antidepressant medications.
Keywords: depression; antidepressant medications; sexual dysfunction; photobiomodulation; low-level light; laser therapy depression; antidepressant medications; sexual dysfunction; photobiomodulation; low-level light; laser therapy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Salehpour, F.; Khademi, M.; Vahedifard, F.; Cassano, P. Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Depression or Induced by Antidepressant Medications. Photonics 2022, 9, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050330

AMA Style

Salehpour F, Khademi M, Vahedifard F, Cassano P. Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Depression or Induced by Antidepressant Medications. Photonics. 2022; 9(5):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050330

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salehpour, Farzad, Mahsa Khademi, Farzan Vahedifard, and Paolo Cassano. 2022. "Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Depression or Induced by Antidepressant Medications" Photonics 9, no. 5: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050330

APA Style

Salehpour, F., Khademi, M., Vahedifard, F., & Cassano, P. (2022). Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Depression or Induced by Antidepressant Medications. Photonics, 9(5), 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050330

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