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Article

Synthesis, DFT and X-ray Studies of Trans CuCl2L2 with L Is (E)-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine

by
Hassan H. Hammud
1,*,
Moheddine Wehbie
2,
Mohamed M. Abdul-Ghani
3,
Zoltan A. Gal
4,
Malai Haniti Sheikh Abdul Hamid
5 and
Nadeem S. Sheikh
5,*
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
2
Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie Paris Tech-PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
3
Materia Verte Co., Beirut P.O. Box 11-1919, Lebanon
4
Oxford Cryosystems, 3 Blenheim Office Park, Long Hanborough, Oxford OX29 8LN, UK
5
Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2023, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11010018
Submission received: 14 November 2022 / Revised: 17 December 2022 / Accepted: 22 December 2022 / Published: 31 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Domain of Organometallic Antioxidant and Anticancer Agents)
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Abstract

:
A novel approach was carried to prepare trans-CuCl2L2 complex with the ligand L, (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine which was formed in situ during the reaction of CuCl2 with 4-(4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione. The synthesized compounds were characterized by applying various spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structure of the complex was unambiguously determined using X-ray analysis indicating square planar geometry. Intermolecular H-bonds govern the supramolecular structure of the copper complex. Aromatic rings are stacked in an offset packing due to occurrence of π–π interactions. The structure is further corroborated with a detailed computational investigation. A thione–thiol tautomerism for the triazole compound was also studied. The Schiff base 1,2,4-triazole copper chloride complex is expected to have high anticancer activity.

1. Introduction

In the last few decades, the chemistry of 1,2,4–triazole and their fused heterocyclic derivatives have received considerable attention due to their synthetic and effective biological importance. Various 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were found associated with diverse pharmacological activities (Figure 1). The 1,2,4-triazole nuclei were incorporated into a wide variety of therapeutically interesting drug candidates as sedative [1], antifungal [2,3], antiviral [4], insecticidal [5], antimicrobial [6,7], anti-asthmatic [8], anticonvulsants [9], antidepressants [10], plant growth regulator [11], anticancer [12], anti-HIV [13] and anti-inflammatory agents [14]. Moreover, sulfur containing heterocyclic motifs represent an important group of compounds that exhibit a promising practical application [15]. The pharmacological importance of heterocycles derived from 1,2,4-triazole paved the way towards active research in triazole chemistry. As a result, a wide array of novel structures was added to this field every year. In addition, a number of attempts were made to improve the activity of these compounds by varying the substituents on the triazole nucleus [16].
Despite all of the research advances, the resistance towards most of the antibacterial, antifungal and/or antiviral drugs is still a major challenge in medicinal chemistry [17,18,19]. This issue could be overcome by the preparation of metal complexes, using chelation process via coordination of transition metal ions and development of novel antibiotics [20,21]. Schiff bases inherently possess a strong ability to form metal complexes [22] with interesting biological properties [23,24,25,26]. The Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff bases are biologically relevant and they exhibit enhanced bioactivities compared to their parent ligands. Owing to substantial biological activities associated with the triazole derivatives [27,28,29] both Schiff bases containing a triazole moiety, as well as their metal complexes are expected to exhibit promising levels of bioactivities. At the same time, the process of chelation causes radical changes in the biological properties of the ligands and of the metal motif. It was reported that chelation improves the treatment of many diseases including cancer. In addition, a number of Schiff base complexes [22,30,31] were tested for their antibacterial [32,33], antifungal [34], anticancer [35,36] and herbicidal activities [37].
Herein, we report on an efficient approach to preparing the copper complex trans-CuCl2L2. The ligand L, (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine, was synthesized in situ by the reaction of copper chloride with 4-(4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione during the preparation of the complex. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by applying various spectroscopic techniques. The complex was characterized by infrared and UV–visible spectroscopy and its crystal structure was determined using X-ray analysis which is further corroborated with a detailed computational investigation.

2. Results and Discussion

The acid hydrazide, namely benzhydrazide (1), was chosen to prepare the desired ligand which was initially reacted with carbon disulfide under basic conditions to prepare the dithiocarbazinate (2). Later, this was cyclized with hydrazine under reflux conditions to afford the required 4-amino-5-phenyl-3-mercapto-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole (3) followed by condensation with a chlorobenzaldehye (4) to yield the corresponding Schiff base 5. Finally, the obtained Schiff base was treated with copper chloride to synthesize the desired crystalline Schiff base complex (6). A detailed account of the synthesis and characterization is provided below.

2.1. Synthesis of 4-amino-5-aryl-3-mercapto-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole (3)

Commercially available benzhydrazide (1) was treated with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution to provide potassium dithiocarbazinate (2), and then refluxed with an excess of hydrazine hydrate (Scheme 1). During the course of the reaction, both discoloration of the reaction mixture and evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas were observed. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled and quenched under acidic conditions. This led to the formation of white precipitate of 4-amino-5-aryl-3-mercapto-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole (3A) in excellent yield which is known to exist in equilibrium with its thione tautomer (3) [38]. The triazole derivative (3) was fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY and HSQC to confirm its structure.
The IR spectrum for the compound (3) is consistent with the given structure (Figure 2a). The spectra for the triazole (3) shows the presence of two absorptions for the primary NH2 group at 3300–3180 cm−1 and a single absorption for the triazole N–H at 3100 cm−1. A peak for the C=N group appears at the expected region 1633 cm−1 while the C=S group appears at 1321 cm−1. In addition to these characteristic peaks for triazole (3), the expected absorption peaks for the aromatic ring were also noted. The 1H NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) for the triazole (3) proved its structure. The assignments are based on 1H NMR (Figure 2b) and 2D-HSQC NMR spectra (Figure 2d), in addition to the reported literature data [39,40]. The absorption observed downfield at 13.93 ppm is cautiously assigned to the S–H bond or to the N–H of the triazole ring. This is debatable due to the fact that some of the literature reports indicate such absorptions for “S–H” [28,41], while some reports describe them for the corresponding “N–H” bond [32,42]. In addition, there are literature precedents where these absorptions are documented for “N–H or S–H” [13,43]. The peak for free NH2 is clearly observed at 5.7–5.8 ppm, in addition to the peaks for the hydrogen atoms of the phenyl ring at 8.02 (m, 2H, 2′ and 6′), 7.53 (m, 3H, 3′, 4′ and 5′). The 13C-NMR spectrum for the compound 3 clearly suggests the formation of expected triazole structure (Figure 2c). The spectrum shows six carbon signals including the C-3 and C-5 of the triazole ring at 166.83 ppm and 149.41 ppm, respectively. The peaks for the carbon atoms of the phenyl ring are observed at 130.4 ppm (C-4′), 128.45 ppm (C-3′ and C-5′), 127.98 ppm (C-2′ and C-6′) and 125.72 ppm (C-1′).

2.2. Preparation of the Schiff base 4-(4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione (5)

The desired Schiff base (5) was prepared in acetic acid (mild acidic conditions) by the treatment of 4-amino-3-mercapto-5-phenyl-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole (3) with commercially available chlorobenzaldehyde (4) (Scheme 2). The obtained yellow crystalline product (5) was fully characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR which confirms its structure.
The IR spectra for compound (5) confirms the formation of the Schiff base (Figure 3a). The disappearance of the NH2 absorptions and the presence of a new absorption at about 1607 cm−1 is assigned for the characteristic CH=N of the Schiff base. This indicates that the condensation reaction between the triazole amino group and the aromatic aldehyde proceeded smoothly. The IR spectra also shows the expected N–H absorption peak at 3111 cm−1, meanwhile, the S–H absorption peak is observed at 2750 cm−1. The vibration related to C=S is noticed at 1279 cm−1, while the N–C–S appeared at 960 cm−1, in addition to the expected out of the plane absorptions of the aromatic rings at 880 cm−1. The assignment of N–H, S–H, CH=N, C=S and N–C–S bands are based on the literature data. The 1H-NMR spectra (DMSO-d6) for compound (5) is in accordance with the formation of the Schiff base (Figure 3b). The observed singlet at 5.7 ppm for the amino –NH2 protons of the starting aminotriazole (3) was replaced by a new peak in the range 9.76 ppm assigned to the CH=N proton. This is a clear indication of the successful condensation reaction leading to the Schiff base (5). The 1H-NMR spectrum also reflects the presence of the phenyl ring attached to C-5 of the triazole ring, in addition to the chlorophenyl group. The “S–H/N–H” triazolic proton is shown downfield in the region at 14.1 ppm. The 1H-NMR spectra for the Schiff base (5) provides two sets of multiplets for the phenyl substituent. The first ranging at 7.88 ppm with 2H integration is assigned to protons at positions 2′and 6′, while the second multiplet at 7.53 ppm with 3H integration is assigned to protons at positions 3′, 4′ and 5′. The protons located at positions 2′ and 6′ are present at lower field due to the anisotropic field effect of the 1,2,4-triazole ring. In addition, the chlorophenyl aromatic protons of the Schiff base (5) are also in agreement with the given structure. It shows two doublets for a typical para-substituted benzene ring; one doublet is due to protons present at positions 2″ and 6″, while the second doublet is for the protons located at the positions 3″ and 5″, which reflects a typical AA′BB′ system. Thus, the peaks at 7.9 (d, J = 8.5, 2H, 2″ and 6″) and 7.65 (d, J = 8.5, 2H, 3″ and 5″) are attributed to the chlorobenzyl ring.
The 13C NMR spectra of the Schiff base (5) is also in good accordance with its structure (Figure 3c). The 4-amino-5-aryl-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole’s carbons of the Schiff base shows approximately the same signals as those of the parent aminotriazole (3). Thus, the triazole C-3 was observed at 165.75 ppm and the triazole C-5 was observed at 148.99 ppm. The phenyl rings’ carbons show four signals composed of three methines and a quaternary carbon, as in the parent triazole (3). The first signal at 131 ppm is assigned to C-4′, the second at 128.6 ppm to C-3′ and C-5′, the third signal at 125.7 ppm to C-2′ and C-6′, while the fourth quaternary carbon at 121.56 ppm is assigned to C-1′. In addition to the above signals, a new signal is observed at 162.7 ppm which is a characteristic indication for the CH=N group, confirming the condensation reaction at that site. On the other hand, the chlorophenyl carbon signals are also consistent with the given ring structure and the substitution pattern as shown at 137.9 (C-4″) 130.7 (C-1″) 129.8 (C-2″, C-6″) and 129.1 (C-3″, C-5″).

2.3. Crystal Structure of Trans-Copper Dichloride bis(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine, CuL2Cl2 (6)

Trans-CuCl2L2 (6) where L is (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine was prepared as large violet crystals by the reaction of (5) with copper chloride in a NaOH solution followed by neutralization with HCl.
The yield was only 40% because a side product green precipitate was also obtained, and some of the desired complex was still in solution. Forcing precipitation to increase the yield (such as stirring and overheating) will cause precipitation of unwanted starting materials or side products and can also cause precipitation of the desired product copper complex (6) as a powder rather than pure crystals. As mentioned in the experimental section, the filtration technique was used in order to remove the side product green precipitate before crystallization of the desired copper complex. The violet filtrate was left for slow evaporation and violet pure crystals were then obtained. Obtaining the product in a crystalline form is considered as a way of purifying the product, because it is well known that the crystalline product should have a much higher purity compared to the amorphous product. Also, the morphology of the crystals was checked using a microscope. The crystals appeared as perfect crystalline transparent violet cubes of high purity with no amorphous materials adsorbed on them. Finally, elemental analysis is particularly important to determine the purity of the sample. The theoretical% elemental analysis for complex (6) C30H22Cl4CuN8 (699.88 g/mol) is: %C, 51.48%; %H, 3.17%; %Cl, 20.26%; %Cu, 9.08%; %N, 16.01%. Meanwhile, the X-ray single structure CIF file is in CCDC No. 2217976 which contains the supplementary crystallographic data for complex (6), Table S1 (Supplementary Materials).
The crystal structure demonstrated that the crystal system is monoclinic with a space group P21/c. Copper in complex (6) adopts a square planar coordination (Cu(1A)Cl(2A)N(1AA)Cl(2A1)N(1AA1) (Figure 4a). Thus, N(1AA) of triazole of one ligand L, and N(1AA1) of a second triazole of another ligand L are trans to each other. The coordinated nitrogen atoms are perfectly linear with central copper(II) ion. The angle N(1AA)Cu(1A)N(1AA1) is equal to 180 (°). Additionally, the angle Cl(2A)Cu(1A)Cl(2A1) is equal to 180.0 (°). The other angles involved are orthogonal with little deviations: Cl(2A)Cu(1A)N(1AA) and Cl(2A)1Cu(1A)N(1AA)1 are 91.36 (5) (°) and 91.37 (5) (°). Meanwhile, the angles Cl(2A)1Cu(1A)N(1AA) and Cl(2A)Cu(1A)N(1AA)1 are equal to 88.64 (5) (°) and 88.63 (5) (°), respectively. Each distance of the bonds Cu1A–Cl2A and Cu1A–Cl2A1 is equal to 2.2552 (7) Å. Meanwhile, the bond distance between Cu(1A) and each of N(1AA) or N(1AA1) is equal to 1.9603 (18) Å. The triazole ring and phenyl ring are not coplanar; they form an angle of 37.75 (°). This deviation could be due to the steric effect.
Intermolecular H-bonds govern the supramolecular structure of the copper complex (6). Both chloride ions and nitrogen N(4) atoms of triazoles are involved in hydrogen bonds with CH groups (Figure 4b). For the D–H···A H-bond systems, C(0AA)-H(0A)….Cl(2A) and C(12)-H(12)….Cl(2A), the distances d(D···A) are 3.549 and 3.735 (Å) and the angles (DHA) are 167.99 and 163.61 (°), respectively. While for the H-bonds C(18)-H(18)….N(4), the distance is 3.333 (Å) and the angle is 150.63 (°). The π–π interactions between aromatic rings occur when the rings are stacked in an offset or slipped packing [44]. The aromatic rings are parallel displaced. The π–π interactions are dipole–dipole electrostatic interactions between the different permanent and static molecular charge distributions caused by substituents on the ring. These van der Waal interactions are attractive and their potentials fall off rapidly with distance 1/r 6. In addition, π–σ attractions can dominate between the π-electrons of the rings and the positively charged hydrogen atoms [44,45]. These attractive forces overcome the π–π Pauli repulsions in an offset π-stacked geometry according to the Hunter–Sanders rules. Pauli repulsion is caused by the filled electron clouds of interacting molecules that overlap at short distances [44,45,46,47,48]. The order of stability in the interaction of two π systems is π-deficient–π-deficient > π-deficient–π-rich > π-rich–π-rich [44,45,46,47,48,49]. The aromatic rings arrangement in the complex (6) between π-rich triazole of one copper complex and π-deficient chlorophenyl of a neighboring copper complex is a π−π stacked in an offset packing (slipping). The interplanar angle between the aryl rings is 13.43 (°). The atoms contacts in Å are N(1AA)–C(20) (3.652); N(4)–C(21) (3.625); C(5)–C(18) (3.787); N–C(15) (3.535) and C(0AA)–C17(3.394). The centroid–centroid (triazole C(5)NC(0AA)N(4)N(1AA)– phenyl chloride C(20)C(21)C(19)C(17)C(15)C(18) separation between the two slipped rings is 3.562 Å. Thus, the separation of 3.562 Å of the rings in complex (6) is the result of strong π–π interactions.
Additionally, the UV–visible spectra is shown in Figure S1. The peak at λmax 307 nm is mainly due to d–d transition with shoulders at 277, 287 and 302 nm.
The FTIR spectra of CuCl2L2 complex (6) is depicted in Figure 5. The main peak that appeared at 3092.1 cm−1 is due to aromatic C-H stretch. Meanwhile, imine >C=N and aromatic >C=C< stretches occurred at 1596.3 cm−1.
Regarding the loss of the sulfur atom during the complexation with CuCl2, we are still investigating this experimental observation to fully understand the mechanism involved. One of the plausible explanations could be related to the complexation with copper chloride that could facilitate this rearrangement as reported for other systems, where copper chloride was involved in the rearrangement of an ampicillin-containing sulfur moiety [49]. Sulfur was likely lost in the form of H2S gas due to compound (5) rearrangement, while using NaOH then HCl to neutralize the medium, assisted by copper complexation as observed in other similar system [49]. The detailed mechanism is still under investigation. Thus, the obtained ligand L: (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine was formed in situ by the reaction of CuCl2 with 4-(4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione (5) followed by the formation of the complex CuCl2L2 (6).
It is also expected that the Schiff base complex trans-CuCl2L2 (6) should show better anticancer activity than its ligand, based on the cytotoxicity studies for related copper complexes [48,49,50,51]. Thus, the study of the anticancer behavior of the copper complex (6) will be carried out in a future work.

2.4. Computational Investigation

A detailed computational investigation was carried out to corroborate the experimental X-ray data for the Cu(II) complex (Table S2). Initial screening was conducted by applying different hybrid and pure functionals implemented in the Gaussian package using 6–31G(d) basis set. The results are delineated in Table 1 and to our delight, all the methods furnished an excellent linear relationship (Figure S2) between the experimental and computed values for the bond lengths of the atoms which are pivotal to impart the structural features. These atoms are in close proximity to the Cu atom, belong to 1,2,4-triazole ring, the carbon atoms which are connected with the triazole ring and also the C–Cl bond present in benzylidene motif.
A judicious comparative analysis for the data revealed that the CAM-B3LYP method is the most appropriate to simulate the Cu–Cl, Cu–N and other bonds present in the triazole ring. More or less a similar observation was noticed for the ωB97XD method. All other functionals applied in this study, and as mentioned in Table 1, provided variable levels of correlation compared with the experimental values.
With the comparative data in hand and in order to evaluate the effect of different basis sets, further calculations were performed using CAM-B3LYP method (Table S3). As expected, a strong correlation was observed for other basis sets as well (Figure S3), however the addition of diffuse function offered a slightly poor agreement between the computed and experimental bond length values when compared with the basic 6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ basis set. This is in agreement with our previous findings for the zinc(II) hydroxyethyladenine complex [52].
The optimized structure of the Cu(II)-complex (6) is presented in Figure 6a. An analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals reveals that HOMO is located on the Cu and atoms which are directly linked with it, however LUMO is extended over the triazole ring and benzylidine moiety (Figure 6b). Moreover, the electrostatic potential map illustrates the presence of lowest potential on Cl atoms linked with the Cu atom, representing this part of the complex as the most electron rich site (Figure 6c).
In order to study the thione–thiol tautomerism for the triazole (3) and (3A), computational calculations were applied which suggested that the thione form (3) is 15 Kcal mol–1 more stable compared to its corresponding thiol structure (3A) (Figure 7a; Table S4). It also required a higher activation barrier (30.8 Kcal mol–1) for this conversion. Computed bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) for thione–thiol tautomers also provided further evidence supporting the increased stability of the thione tautomer (3) (Figure 7b). The BDE for the S–H bond in thiol (3A) is 15.4 Kcal mol–1 less than the BDE for the N–H bond in thione (3). This leads to the facile cleavage of the S–H bond of thiol (3A), leading to its conversion into the more stable thione tautomer (3).

3. Experimental

3.1. X-ray Crystallography

Single crystals of the copper complex were mounted in inert oil and transferred to the diffractometer with cold gas stream. The crystal data and structure of copper complex was then determined, Table S1. The obtained formula was C30H22N8Cl4Cu and the molar mass M = 699.90 g/mol, monoclinic. The Crystal Data also indicated a = 10.933(2) Å, b = 13.1221(14) Å, c = 11.2068(16) Å, β = 114.68(2)°, U = 1460.9(4) Å3, T = 150.0, space group P21/c (no. 14), Z = 2, μ(Mo Kα) = 1.151. A total of 10555 reflections were measured and 2661 unique (Rint = 0.0375) were used in all calculations. The final wR(F2) was 0.0779 (all data). The report was created by Olex2.

3.2. Computational Method

Density functional theory (DFT) [53] calculations were performed using Gaussian 09 (revision E.01) [54] and the Gaussview [55] was used to generate input geometries and visualize output structures. Regarding geometry optimizations and frequency calculations for the Cu(II) complex, different functionals (B3LYP [56,57,58], CAM-B3LYP [59], B3PW91 [57,60], MPW1PW91 [61], ωB97XD [62], and PBEPBE [63]) implemented in the Gaussian program were used with the 6–31G(d) basis set for C, H and N atoms [52], while the LanL2DZ [64,65,66] basis set was used to describe the Cu and Cl atoms. To obtain further insight, higher basis sets were also used with the most appropriate method. All stationary points were characterized as minima and thermal corrections were computed from unscaled frequencies, assuming a standard state of 298.15 K and 1 atm.

3.3. Synthesis of Potassium Benzdithiocarbazinate (2)

Potassium benzdithiocarbazinate (2) was prepared from benzoic acid hydrazide (1) by treatment with carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide in methanol as reported in the literature [67]. The spectroscopic data were in complete agreement with the literature.

3.4. Synthesis of 4-amino-3-mercapto-5-phenyl-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole (3)

The obtained benzdithiocarbazinate (2, 17 g, 68 mmol) was refluxed for 4.5 h with hydrazine hydrate (34 g, 680 mmol) to prepare 4-amino-3-mercapto-5-phenyl-(4H)-1,2,4-triazoles (3) [68,69,70] which was obtained as white crystals (10 g, 52.2 mmol, 77%); m.p. = 198–200 °C. FT-IR (KBr) ν = 3300 and 3180 (NH2), 3100 (N–H) 2756 (S–H), 1633 (C=N), 1232 (C=S) cm−1. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ = 13.93 (s, 1H, S–H or N–H), 8.03–8 (m, J = 2.25, 2H, Ar-H-2,6), 7.55–7.51 (m, J = 2.04, 3H, Ar-H-3,4,5), 5.7 (s, 2H, NH2) ppm. 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ = 166.83, 149.41, 130.4, 128.45, 127.98, 125.72.

3.5. Synthesis of 4-(4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione (5)

A mixture of 4-amino-5-phenyl-3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole (3, 0.5 g, 2.6 mmol) and chlorobenzaldehyde (4, 0.37 g, 2.6 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL) was heated under reflux for 2 h. After cooling the obtained solid precipitate was filtered, washed with cold acetic acid, then with hot water and crystallized from ethanol affording 4-(4-chlorobenzylidene) amino-3-mercapto-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (5) [68,69,70], which was obtained as yellow crystals (0.7 g, 2.2 mmol, 85%); m.p. = 212–213 °C. FT-IR (KBr) ν = 3111 (N–H), 2750 (S–H), 1607 (C=N), 1279 (C=S), 960 (N–C–S) cm−1. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ = 14.1 (bs, 1H, S–H or N-H), 9.76 (s, 1H, CH=N), 7.9 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.9 Hz, 2H, Cl–Ph–H-2,6), 7.88 (m, 2H, Ph–H-2,6), 7.65 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.9 Hz, 2H, Cl–Ph–H-3,5), 7.53(m, 3H, Ph–H-3,4,5) ppm. 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ = 165.7, 162.7, 148.99, 137.89, 131, 130.7, 129.79, 129.09, 128.6, 125.7, 121.56) ppm.

3.6. Preparation of Trans-Copper Dichloride bis(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine, CuL2Cl2 (6)

A solution of copper (II) chloride (0.175 g, 1 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) and a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.04 g, 1 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added to 10 mL of hot ethanolic solution of the Schiff base (5, 0.314 g, 1 mmol) and then neutralized by adding dil. HCl. The resultant solution was boiled for about two hours and a green powder was formed (probably copper hydroxide side-product). The green precipitate was separated by filtration and the obtained filtrate consisted of a clear violet solution. Finally, the violet filtrate solution was left for slow evaporation at room temperature in a closed flask with a tiny hole. Large violet single crystals 6 were isolated after one month suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis (40% yield). Crystallization can be fastened to four days if a larger hole is used to evaporate the solvent from the covered mixture flask. FT-IR ν (cm−1): 3092.1, 1596.3, 1492.9, 1402.2, 1211.9, 1087.7, 973.4, 927.5, 693.3. UV-visible: λmax: 307 nm, with shoulders at 277, 287, 302 nm.

4. Conclusions

Trans-CuCl2L2 complex is square planar with 1,2,4-triazole containing Schiff base as the ligand L. The ligand L (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine was prepared in situ from the reaction of copper chloride with 4-(4-chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione. The synthesized compounds were characterized by applying various spectroscopic techniques. Intermolecular H–bonds and π–π interactions govern the supramolecular structure of the copper complex. The structure is further investigated by computational DFT studies. A thione–thiol tautomerism for the triazole compound was also investigated. The Schiff base 1,2,4-triazole copper chloride complex is expected to have high anticancer activity.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/inorganics11010018/s1, Table S1: Crystal data of copper(II) complex (6) trans-CuCl2L2 (CCDC No. 2217976); Table S2: Computed Energies and Cartesian Coordinates for copper(II) complex (6) trans-CuCl2L2; Table S3: Calculations of selected bond lengths for the copper(II) complex (6) using higher basis set; Table S4: Reaction Energies and Bond Dissociation Energies for Tautomer (3) and (3A); Figure S1: UV–visible spectrum of the copper complex (6); Figure S2: The correlation between experimental and computed values for the selected bond lengths present in the copper(II) complex (6) using pure and hybrid functionals with 6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ mixed basis set; Figure S3: A comparative correlation to evaluate the performance of various basis sets using CAM-B3LYP method for experimental and calculated bond lengths, for the selected bond lengths present in the copper(II) complex (6).

Author Contributions

H.H.H. and N.S.S. conceptualized, designed, supervised and acquired the funding for the project; M.W. performed the synthesis under the supervision of H.H.H. and M.M.A.-G.; Z.A.G. carried out X-ray analysis; M.H.S.A.H. and N.S.S. performed the computational investigation. All authors analyzed the results and were involved in writing the manuscript. Both H.H.H. and N.S.S. edited to generate the final version of the manuscript, agreed by all the authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Grant No. 2106).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data are available in the main text or the electronic supplementary information (ESI). See DOI: CCDC No. 2217976 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge at www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk (accessed on 13 November 2022), or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK (fax: +44 1223 336033; e-mail: [email protected]).

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Grant No. 2106). Both M.H.S.A.H. and N.S.S. thank the Universiti Brunei Darussalam for the research grant (UBD/RSCH/1.4/FICBF(b)/2022/049).

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflict to declare.

Sample Availability

The samples of novel synthesized compounds are available from the authors.

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Figure 1. Representative bioactive molecules containing 1,2,4-triazole structural motif.
Figure 1. Representative bioactive molecules containing 1,2,4-triazole structural motif.
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Scheme 1. A two-step synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole derivative and its thione–thiol tautomerism (3) and (3A).
Scheme 1. A two-step synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole derivative and its thione–thiol tautomerism (3) and (3A).
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Figure 2. Spectroscopic characterization for 1,2,4-triazole 3.
Figure 2. Spectroscopic characterization for 1,2,4-triazole 3.
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Scheme 2. Synthesis of Schiff base 5.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of Schiff base 5.
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Figure 3. Spectroscopic characterization for the Schiff base 5.
Figure 3. Spectroscopic characterization for the Schiff base 5.
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Figure 4. X-ray structure and structural features for square planar trans-CuCl2L2 6.
Figure 4. X-ray structure and structural features for square planar trans-CuCl2L2 6.
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Figure 5. FTIR spectrum of the copper complex (6).
Figure 5. FTIR spectrum of the copper complex (6).
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Figure 6. Optimized structure (a), frontier molecular orbitals (b) and electrostatic potential map (c) for the Cu(II)-complex (6) calculated at CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ level of theory.
Figure 6. Optimized structure (a), frontier molecular orbitals (b) and electrostatic potential map (c) for the Cu(II)-complex (6) calculated at CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ level of theory.
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Figure 7. Energy of activation (Ea) and reaction energy (ER) for the thione–thiol tautomers (3) and (3A) (a) and bond dissociation energies (BDE) for N–H and S–H bonds in thione 3 and thiol 3A structures, respectively, (b), computed at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory.
Figure 7. Energy of activation (Ea) and reaction energy (ER) for the thione–thiol tautomers (3) and (3A) (a) and bond dissociation energies (BDE) for N–H and S–H bonds in thione 3 and thiol 3A structures, respectively, (b), computed at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory.
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Table
Table 1. Comparison of selected experimental and calculated bond lengths (Å) for the Cu(II)-complex (6) using 6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ mixed basis set.
Table 1. Comparison of selected experimental and calculated bond lengths (Å) for the Cu(II)-complex (6) using 6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ mixed basis set.
Atoms *ExperimentalCAM-B3LYPωB97XDB3LYPMPW1PW91B3PW91PBEPBE
1Cu1–Cl652.25522.322452.325832.351512.326972.336412.36238
2Cu1–N61.96031.989801.994782.010251.997021.999941.99434
3N6–N121.37801.360721.359361.368741.355841.359251.37069
4N6–C71.30101.313911.314991.322611.317161.320391.33439
5N12–C81.28901.296471.299931.303221.299241.301901.31503
6N13–C81.36101.373611.373371.380061.372901.375561.38594
7N13–C71.36001.367751.365061.378061.369361.373231.38636
8C7–C251.45401.463811.463331.464391.458531.460111.46150
9N13–N371.38401.375931.377011.379271.367911.370861.37838
10N37–C391.26701.276351.278521.285831.281121.284321.29893
11C39–C521.44901.462681.463731.461481.457061.458181.45929
12Cl63–C591.73001.777171.776511.791551.774051.779411.79058
* The numbers described here for the atoms are according to the numbers mentioned for the optimized geometry of the complex in Figure 6a, generated during the visualization using GaussView software.
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Hammud, H.H.; Wehbie, M.; Abdul-Ghani, M.M.; Gal, Z.A.; Sheikh Abdul Hamid, M.H.; Sheikh, N.S. Synthesis, DFT and X-ray Studies of Trans CuCl2L2 with L Is (E)-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine. Inorganics 2023, 11, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11010018

AMA Style

Hammud HH, Wehbie M, Abdul-Ghani MM, Gal ZA, Sheikh Abdul Hamid MH, Sheikh NS. Synthesis, DFT and X-ray Studies of Trans CuCl2L2 with L Is (E)-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine. Inorganics. 2023; 11(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11010018

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hammud, Hassan H., Moheddine Wehbie, Mohamed M. Abdul-Ghani, Zoltan A. Gal, Malai Haniti Sheikh Abdul Hamid, and Nadeem S. Sheikh. 2023. "Synthesis, DFT and X-ray Studies of Trans CuCl2L2 with L Is (E)-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine" Inorganics 11, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11010018

APA Style

Hammud, H. H., Wehbie, M., Abdul-Ghani, M. M., Gal, Z. A., Sheikh Abdul Hamid, M. H., & Sheikh, N. S. (2023). Synthesis, DFT and X-ray Studies of Trans CuCl2L2 with L Is (E)-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(3-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methanimine. Inorganics, 11(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11010018

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