Inorganics

15 pages, 2194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Boosting C-C Coupling for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction over Novel Cu-Cubic Catalysts with an Amorphous Shell

by Hanlin Wang, Tian Wang, Gaigai Dong, Linbo Zhang, Fan Pan and Yunqing Zhu

Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050130 - 23 Apr 2025

Currently, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide faces significant challenges, including poor selectivity for C₂ products and low conversion efficiency. An effective strategy for optimizing the reduction reaction pathway and enhancing catalytic performance involves manipulating highly unsaturated atomic sites on the catalyst’s [...] Read more.

Currently, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide faces significant challenges, including poor selectivity for C₂ products and low conversion efficiency. An effective strategy for optimizing the reduction reaction pathway and enhancing catalytic performance involves manipulating highly unsaturated atomic sites on the catalyst’s surface, thereby increasing the number of active sites. In this study, we employed sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as a surfactant in the electrodeposition method to synthesize copper cubes encapsulated with an amorphous shell (100 nm–250 nm) containing numerous defect sites on its surface. The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reactions in an H-type reactor showed that, compared to ED-Cu synthesized without additives, AS (amorphous shell)-Cu-5 exhibited a Faradaic efficiency value for ethylene that was 1.7 times greater than that of ED-Cu while significantly decreasing the Faradaic efficiency of hydrogen production. In situ attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) revealed that introducing an amorphous shell and abundant defects altered both the intermediate species and reaction pathways on the AS-Cu-5 catalyst’s surface, favoring C₂H₄ formation. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that amorphous copper lowers the energy barrier required for C-C coupling, resulting in a marked enhancement in FE-C₂H₄. Therefore, additive-assisted electrodeposition presents a simple and rapid synthesis method for improving ethylene selectivity in copper catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalysis Materials Design: Innovations and Applications)

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4 pages, 149 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology

by Ben McLean and Alister J. Page

Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050129 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Carbon nanomaterials are composed of extended networks of bonded carbon atoms [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)

13 pages, 6465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Thermal Transport Properties of Pristine and BN-Substituted Holey Graphynes

by Qingchen Li, Yujie Zhang, Yanlong Liu, Yan Gao and Baoxia Deng

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040128 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

The merging of pore designs is a potential strategy for achieving ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity (κ), for which phonon anharmonicity and size effect are indispensable for discovering novel functional materials in thermal applications. In this study, monolayer holey graphyne (HGY) and [...] Read more.

The merging of pore designs is a potential strategy for achieving ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity (κ), for which phonon anharmonicity and size effect are indispensable for discovering novel functional materials in thermal applications. In this study, monolayer holey graphyne (HGY) and boron nitride holey graphyne (BN-HGY) were examined for their phonon thermal transport properties through first-principles calculation and phonon Boltzmann function. HGY exhibits an intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity (κ) of 38.01 W/mK at room temperature, which exceeds BN-HGY’s 24.30 W/mK but is much lower than 3550 W/mK for BTE graphene. The phonon–phonon scattering behavior of BN-HGY is obviously increased compared to HGY due to the enhancement of anharmonicity, which leads to a shorter phonon lifetime and lower κ. Additionally, at room temperature, the representative mean free path (rMFP) of BN-HGY is substantially higher than that of HGY, and the κ of BN-HGY decreases faster at a larger rMFP (within a unit nm). This work will be constructive to further the application of HGY and BN-HGY as thermal management materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boron-Based Low-Dimensional Nanoclusters and Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lanthanide Exposure In Vitro Differentially Diminishes MTT Cell Viability in Axenic Neuronal or Glial Cell Model Systems

by David C. Platt, Linda M. Ferrence, Faith Breausche, Katelyn Terry, Gregory M. Ferrence and Marjorie A. Jones

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040127 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

Applications of lanthanide chemistry have been successful in metallics and the petroleum industry. In the medical realm, lanthanides have shown utility in radiotherapy agents, photodynamic therapy agents, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. The lanthanide group elements have a few known biological [...] Read more.

Applications of lanthanide chemistry have been successful in metallics and the petroleum industry. In the medical realm, lanthanides have shown utility in radiotherapy agents, photodynamic therapy agents, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. The lanthanide group elements have a few known biological roles, notably among some bacteria and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which have been used as models for changes in gene expression. However, the systematic effects of lanthanide nitrates on eukaryotic cell model systems have not yet been reported. This study presents the first documented effects on cell viability, after acute incubations of various lanthanide nitrate salts, using axenic C6 glial or PC12 neuronal cells in vitro. Cultures were exposed to a 1 mM concentration of lanthanide nitrate salts for 24 h. In comparison to the saline control, several cultures demonstrated significantly lower cell viability, as measured by the MTT viability assay. Data were analyzed as an average absorbance of n = 4 replicate samples, corrected for the average absorbance of cell-free blanks. The reported results were normalized to the average of the saline control cells. Among the 13 lanthanides tested, Praseodymium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, and Ytterbium nitrates exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects, resulting in over 40% reduction in cell viability at 1 mM for either or both cell types. Recovery after lanthanide exposure also was cell-type-dependent as well as lanthanide-type-dependent, with Lutetium having the greatest effect on both cell types. PC12 cells displayed greater sensitivity for inhibition than the C6 cells with some of the lanthanides but not all. Furthermore, the controls of sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate showed only modest discernible impacts on cell viability for PC12 and C6 cells, highlighting the role of the lanthanides in influencing cell viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinorganic Chemistry)

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13 pages, 4135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncooled Microbolometers Based on Nitrogen-Doped Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Germanium (a-SiGe:H,N)

by Oscar Velandia, Alfonso Torres, Alfredo Morales, Luis Hernández, Alberto Luna, Karim Monfil, Javier Flores, Gustavo M. Minquiz, Ricardo Jiménez and Mario Moreno

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040126 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

An uncooled microbolometer is a thermal sensor consisting of a membrane suspended from the substrate to provide thermal insulation. Typically, the membrane is composed of a stack of three films integrated by a supporting film, an IR sensing film, and an IR absorbing [...] Read more.

An uncooled microbolometer is a thermal sensor consisting of a membrane suspended from the substrate to provide thermal insulation. Typically, the membrane is composed of a stack of three films integrated by a supporting film, an IR sensing film, and an IR absorbing film. However, the above increases the thickness of the device and affects its mechanical stability and thermal mass, thereby reducing its performance. One solution is to use a single film as a membrane with both IR sensing and IR absorbing properties. In this regard, this work presents the fabrication and evaluation of uncooled microbolometers using nitrogen-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium (a-SiGe:H,N) as a single IR-absorber/IR sensing membrane. The films were deposited via low frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) at 200 °C. Three microbolometer configurations were fabricated using a-SiGe:H,N films deposited from a SiH₄, GeH₄, N_2, and H₂ gas mixture with different SiH₄ and GeH₄ flow rates and, consequently, with different properties, such as temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and conductivity at room temperature. The microbolometer that exhibited the best performance achieved a voltage responsivity of 7.26 × 10⁵ V/W and a NETD of 22.35 mK at 140 Hz, which is comparable to state-of-the-art uncooled infrared (IR) sensors. These results confirm that the optimization of the deposition parameters of the a-SiGe:H,N films significantly affects the microbolometers final performance, enabling an optimal balance between thermal sensitivity (TCR) and conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research and Application of Amorphous Materials)

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29 pages, 6083 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage: Mechanisms and Advancements

by Amir Reza Mashtizadeh, Shahab Khameneh Asl, Hossein Aghajani, Seyed Morteza Masoudpanah and Marek Wojnicki

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040125 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

This review article investigates the rising global energy demand, which is primarily driven by population growth and industrialization, raising significant environmental concerns due to the extensive reliance on fossil fuels. In response, hydrogen is being explored as a potential eco-friendly energy solution to [...] Read more.

This review article investigates the rising global energy demand, which is primarily driven by population growth and industrialization, raising significant environmental concerns due to the extensive reliance on fossil fuels. In response, hydrogen is being explored as a potential eco-friendly energy solution to meet the urgent need for sustainable energy. This review covers various hydrogen storage methods, including compressed gas, cryogenic liquids, solid materials, and electrochemical techniques. Among these, electrochemical technology is highly regarded as a leading experimental approach for hydrogen storage, and it is noted for its outstanding performance under normal conditions. The characteristics of a material’s surface play a crucial role in determining its electrochemical hydrogen storage capacity. Innovative materials, such as graphene oxide and 3D graphene oxide, are particularly significant in this regard, as they can significantly enhance hydrogen storage capacity; electrochemical hydrogen storage functions by incorporating atomic hydrogen into carbon materials following the reduction of water. This article underscores the significance of green energy and the need to ensure safety and precision at room temperature and ambient pressure using electrochemical hydrogen storage techniques and mechanisms. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive review of developments in electrochemical hydrogen storage and its mechanisms, focusing on carbon, graphene oxide, and the contributions of 3D graphene foam. Full article

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17 pages, 3075 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Zinc Ions in Cells and Oil Paintings

by Zhankun Wang, Zhixin Ren, Yanan Niu, Xi Cao and Yuguang Lv

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040124 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Zinc is an essential trace metal element in the human body, but it also constitutes a variety of proteins in the body of the important elements necessary; this element plays an important role in physiological metabolism. Disturbances in the metabolism of zinc ions [...] Read more.

Zinc is an essential trace metal element in the human body, but it also constitutes a variety of proteins in the body of the important elements necessary; this element plays an important role in physiological metabolism. Disturbances in the metabolism of zinc ions in the body can significantly threaten human health, especially neurological diseases. Therefore, developing a rapid and straightforward method for determining zinc ions is important. Fluorescent probe technology has been widely used for detecting and labeling zinc ions. Among many fluorescent probes, the rhodamine derivative LPDQ fluorescent probe has unique application scenarios, for example, it plays an important role in the detection of zinc white in oil colors, and its advantages are simplicity, rapidity, and real-time operation. This paper introduces the types of fluorescent probes for zinc ions and the three main mechanisms of fluorescent probe detection. The characteristics, design strategies, and application effects of the three fluorescent probes for zinc ions, as well as their advantages and limitations, are reviewed and summarized, which are intended to provide valuable references for the development of new probes for zinc ions detection in the future and for the future direction of research in this field. Full article

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21 pages, 11004 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mitigating Lead Toxicity in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Strategies for Sustainable Development

by Wenguang Li, Tianci Mi, Tian Tian, Meifang Yang and Huan Pang

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040123 - 13 Apr 2025

Abstract

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit remarkable potential for addressing global energy challenges due to their exceptional photovoltaic properties and cost-effectiveness. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by the presence of toxic lead in the perovskite materials, posing risks to both human health [...] Read more.

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit remarkable potential for addressing global energy challenges due to their exceptional photovoltaic properties and cost-effectiveness. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by the presence of toxic lead in the perovskite materials, posing risks to both human health and the environment. This review comprehensively examines the environmental safety concerns associated with PSCs, focusing on the toxicity of lead and its potential for leakage during device operation and end-of-life disposal. Strategies to mitigate lead leakage are explored, including advanced external encapsulation methods, internal lead immobilization techniques, and innovative recycling approaches. These strategies are evaluated based on their effectiveness, feasibility, and potential challenges, highlighting the need for a multi-pronged approach to ensure the responsible and sustainable development of PSC technology. By addressing the toxicity issue and implementing robust prevention and recycling strategies, PSCs can become a driving force for the global transition towards clean and renewable energy while minimizing environmental and health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Perovskites)

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25 pages, 8071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interface Interaction of C₃N₄/Bi₂S₃ Promoted the Separation of Excitons and the Extraction of Free Photogenerated Carriers in the Broadband Light Spectrum Range

by Xingfa Ma, Xintao Zhang, Mingjun Gao, Ruifen Hu, You Wang and Guang Li

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040122 - 12 Apr 2025

Abstract

Exciton generation and separation play an important role in the photoelectric properties and the luminescence performance of materials. In order to tailor the defects and grain boundaries and improve the exciton separation and light harvesting of the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N [...] Read more.

Exciton generation and separation play an important role in the photoelectric properties and the luminescence performance of materials. In order to tailor the defects and grain boundaries and improve the exciton separation and light harvesting of the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets, a C₃N₄/bismuth sulfide (Bi₂S₃) nanocomposite was synthesized. The photoelectric properties of the 405, 532, 650, 780, 808, 980 and 1064 nm light sources were studied using Au electrodes and graphite electrodes with 4B and 5B pencil drawings. The results indicate that the C₃N₄/Bi₂S₃ nanocomposite exhibited photocurrent switching behavior in the broadband light spectrum range. It is noted that even with zero bias applied, a good photoelectric signal was still measured. The resulting nanocomposite exhibited good photophysical stability. Physical mechanisms are discussed herein. It is suggested that the interfacial interaction of C₃N₄ and Bi₂S₃ in the nanocomposite creates a strong built-in electric field, which accelerates the separation of excitons. Therefore, as a dynamic process of photoexcitation, fluorescence, the photoelectric effect, and scattering are three main competing processes; the separation of excitons and the extraction of free photogenerated charge can be used as a reference for the fluorescent materials or other photoelectric materials studies as photophysical properties. This study also serves as an important reference for the design, defect and grain boundary modulation or interdisciplinary application of functional nanocomposites, especially for the bandgap modulation and suppression of photogenerated carrier recombination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Metal- and Porphyrin-Modified TiO₂-Based Photocatalysts for Efficient and Sustainable Hydrogen Production

by Dimitrios Rafail Bitsos, Apostolos Salepis, Emmanouil Orfanos, Athanassios G. Coutsolelos, Ramonna I. Kosheleva, Athanassios C. Mitropoulos and Kalliopi Ladomenou

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040121 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

Photocatalytic H₂ production is one of the most promising approaches for sustainable energy. The literature presents a plethora of carefully designed systems aimed at harnessing solar energy and converting it into chemical energy. However, the main drawback of the reported photocatalysts is [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic H₂ production is one of the most promising approaches for sustainable energy. The literature presents a plethora of carefully designed systems aimed at harnessing solar energy and converting it into chemical energy. However, the main drawback of the reported photocatalysts is their stability. Thus, the development of a cost-effective and stable photocatalyst, suitable for real-world applications remains a challenge. An ideal photocatalyst for H₂ production must possess appropriate band-edge energy positions, an effective sacrificial agent, and a suitable cocatalyst. Among the various photocatalysts studied, TiO₂ stands out due to its stability, abundance, and non-toxicity. However, its efficiency in the visible spectrum is limited by its wide bandgap. Metal doping is an effective strategy to enhance electron–hole separation and improve light absorption efficiency, thereby boosting H₂ synthesis. Common metal cocatalysts used as TiO₂ dopants include platinum (Pt), gold (Au), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), iron (Fe), and silver (Ag), as well as bimetallic combinations such as Ni-Fe, Ni-Cu, Nb-Ta, and Ni-Pt. In all cases, doped TiO₂ exhibits higher H₂ production performance compared to undoped TiO₂, as metals provide additional reaction sites and enhance charge separation. The use of bimetallic dopants further optimizes the hydrogen evolution reaction. Additionally, porphyrins, with their strong visible light absorption and efficient electron transfer properties, have demonstrated potential in TiO₂ photocatalysis. Their incorporation expands the photocatalyst’s light absorption range into the visible spectrum, enhancing H₂ production efficiency. This review paper explores the principles and advancements in metal- and porphyrin-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts, highlighting their potential for sustainable hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2025)

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26 pages, 7099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Straightforward Synthesis and Characterization of Analcime@Nickel Orthosilicate Novel Nanocomposite for Efficient Removal of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Media

by Ehab A. Abdelrahman, Fawaz A. Saad, Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha, Abdalla M. Khedr and Zahrah Alqahtani

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040120 - 10 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rhodamine B dye is a hazardous pollutant that poses significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems due to its toxic, carcinogenic nature and high chemical stability. To address this issue, analcime@nickel orthosilicate nanocomposites were synthesized via the hydrothermal method for efficient rhodamine [...] Read more.

Rhodamine B dye is a hazardous pollutant that poses significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems due to its toxic, carcinogenic nature and high chemical stability. To address this issue, analcime@nickel orthosilicate nanocomposites were synthesized via the hydrothermal method for efficient rhodamine B dye removal. Two nanocomposites were synthesized: EW (without a template) and ET (with polyethylene glycol 400 as a template, followed by calcination at 600 °C for 5 h). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of analcime (NaAlSi₂O₆) and nickel orthosilicate (Ni₂SiO₄), with crystallite sizes of 72.93 nm (EW) and 63.60 nm (ET). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed distinct distributions of oxygen, sodium, aluminum, silicon, and nickel. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed irregular morphology for EW and uniform spherical nanoparticles for ET. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q_max) were 174.83 mg/g for EW and 210.53 mg/g for ET. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer chemisorption. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption was exothermic (ΔH = −45.62 to −50.92 kJ/mol) and spontaneous (ΔG < 0) and involved an entropy increase (ΔS = +0.1441 to +0.1569 kJ/mol·K). These findings demonstrate the superior adsorption efficiency of the ET composite and its potential application in dye-contaminated wastewater treatment. Full article

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18 pages, 5879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Van der Waals Interactions Between Organic Groups of Quaternary Ammonium Salt Surfactants and Montmorillonite in Aqueous Solutions

by Yongzheng Fu, Ming Chang, Yuhao Pan, Wennan Xu, Rui Li, Wenzhao Zhu and Hongliang Li

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040119 - 8 Apr 2025

Abstract

Obtaining the dielectric constant and refractive index of the siloxane surface of montmorillonite (Mnt) and organic groups is difficult, limiting the study of Van der Waals (VDW) interactions between the hydrophilic end of quaternary ammonium surfactants (QASs) and Mnt. In this study, the [...] Read more.

Obtaining the dielectric constant and refractive index of the siloxane surface of montmorillonite (Mnt) and organic groups is difficult, limiting the study of Van der Waals (VDW) interactions between the hydrophilic end of quaternary ammonium surfactants (QASs) and Mnt. In this study, the average adsorption distance, VDW adsorption energy, and VDW constant of QASs and their groups adsorbed on the montmorillonite surface are obtained by microcalorimeter. Herein, the VDW interactions between five QASs and a Mnt surface are compared. Interactions between QASs with different hydrophilic ends and Mnt in aqueous solution were positively correlated with the dipole moment of the hydrophilic end groups, and the VDW interaction energies differed depending on the superposition of CH₂ adsorption at the hydrophobic ends. The electrostatic and VDW adsorption capacities were studied through zeta potential and adsorption capacity experiments. Physical adsorption was determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the hydrophobic floc morphology was characterized using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Focused beam reflectance measurements, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, and light transmittance were used to quantitatively analyze the hydrophobic effect of the QASs. Full article

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15 pages, 2766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Pd/g-C₃N₄ for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole

by Lan-Anh T. Hoang, Trinh Duy Nguyen and Taeyoon Lee

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040118 - 8 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a widely used antibiotic for bacterial infections and is frequently found in surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents, where it is commonly co-administered with trimethoprim. Because of its emerging ecological and health risks, the development of effective elimination strategies [...] Read more.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a widely used antibiotic for bacterial infections and is frequently found in surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents, where it is commonly co-administered with trimethoprim. Because of its emerging ecological and health risks, the development of effective elimination strategies is urgently required. In this study, a rapid microwave-assisted technique was employed to synthesize a Pd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst for the elimination of SMX in aqueous solution. The structure and optical properties of all samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic performance of Pd/g-C₃N₄ was systematically evaluated under visible-light irradiation. The results demonstrated that Pd/g-C₃N₄ achieved a 97% removal efficiency, significantly outperforming pure g-C₃N₄, which reached only 57% removal. The degradation rate constant for Pd/g-C₃N₄ was calculated to be 0.0139 min⁻¹, approximately 6.6 times higher than that of bare g-C₃N₄. This enhanced performance is attributed to the incorporation of Pd nanoparticles, which effectively suppressed the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and promoted charge separation. The influence of key operational parameters, including pH, SMX concentration, and catalyst dose, were systematically examined. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism of the Pd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst was explored to elucidate its degradation pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)

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12 pages, 3371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Localized Magnetic Fields on the Spatially Controlled Crystallization of Transition Metal Complexes

by Ian R. Butler, Rhodri M. Williams, Alice Heeroma, Peter N. Horton, Simon J. Coles and Leigh F. Jones

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040117 - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

A series of nickel (II) bis-phosphine organometallic complexes along with two pseudo [M₇] (M = Ni(II), Zn(II)) metallocalix[6]arene complexes and a dysprosium acetate coordination polymer have each been crystallised in the presence of localized magnetic fields set up using neodymium magnets, [...] Read more.

A series of nickel (II) bis-phosphine organometallic complexes along with two pseudo [M₇] (M = Ni(II), Zn(II)) metallocalix[6]arene complexes and a dysprosium acetate coordination polymer have each been crystallised in the presence of localized magnetic fields set up using neodymium magnets, using custom made Magnetic Crystallization Towers (MCTs). In all cases, whether the product complex is diamagnetic or paramagnetic, a complex spatial patterning of the crystals occurs based on the orientation of the magnetic field lines. When using magnetic block towers, the crystallization generally occurs adjacent to the magnet face. The effects of nucleation and solution concentration gradients on the crystallization process are also explored. These observations show how the crystallization process is affected by magnetic fields and thus these results have far-reaching effects which most certainly will include crystallization and ion migrations in biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry)

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24 pages, 10005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyanoguanidine-Modified Chitosan as an Efficacious Adsorbent for Removing Cupric Ions from Aquatic Solutions: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Mechanisms

by Ard elshifa M. E. Mohammed, Nouf F. Al-Harby, Muneera Alrasheedi, Shaimaa M. Ibrahim and Nadia A. Mohamed

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040116 - 6 Apr 2025

Abstract

One of the most critical environmental needs is to remove metal ions from industrial wastewater. In this investigation, chitosan modified by cyanoguanidine (CCs) was employed for the first time to adsorb cupric ions. The optimal conditions for eliminating cupric ions were adsorbent dose [...] Read more.

One of the most critical environmental needs is to remove metal ions from industrial wastewater. In this investigation, chitosan modified by cyanoguanidine (CCs) was employed for the first time to adsorb cupric ions. The optimal conditions for eliminating cupric ions were adsorbent dose = 0.015 g, cupric ion concentration = 0.2 g L⁻¹, pH = 6, and temperature = 25 °C. The adsorption kinetics fit the pseudo-second-order model, showing a value of correlation coefficient (R²) of 1.00, which is the highest. The experimental q_e value was determined to be 99.05 mg g⁻¹, which is comparable to 100 mg g⁻¹ (the theoretical one). The adsorbent’s removal efficacy was 96.05%, and the adsorption isotherms, which conform to the Freundlich model, show that adsorption is multi-layered and homogeneous. The chemosorption and physisorption processes are major factors in the elimination of copper ions. Therefore, a good approach to generate an appropriate efficient adsorbent, which is a good alternative approach in cupric ion elimination, is to incorporate cyanoguanidine, which possesses additional binding sites for cupric ions between chitosan chains. Further, the mechanism of Cu²⁺ adsorption onto CCs was proposed on the basis of FTIR analysis and computational studies. Full article

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16 pages, 4035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realizing Environmentally Scalable Pre-Lithiation via Protective Coating of LiSi Alloys to Promote High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Yinan Liu, Wei Jiang, Congcong Zhang, Pingshan Jia, Zhiyuan Zhang, Yun Zheng, Kunye Yan, Jun Wang, Yunxian Qian, Junpo Guo, Rong Chen, Yike Huang, Yingying Shen, Lifen Long, Bang Zheng and Huaiyu Shao

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040115 - 6 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pre-lithiation using Li–Si alloy-type additives is a promising technical approach to address the drawbacks of Si-based anodes, such as a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and inevitable capacity decay during cycling. However, its commercial application is limited by the air sensitivity of the [...] Read more.

Pre-lithiation using Li–Si alloy-type additives is a promising technical approach to address the drawbacks of Si-based anodes, such as a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and inevitable capacity decay during cycling. However, its commercial application is limited by the air sensitivity of the highly reactive Li–Si alloys, which demands improved environmental stability. In this work, a protective membrane is constructed on Li₁₃Si₄ alloys using low-surface-energy paraffin and highly conductive carbon nanotubes through liquid-phase deposition, exhibiting enhanced hydrophobicity and improved Li⁺/e⁻ conductivity. The Li₁₃Si₄@Paraffin/carbon nanotubes (Li₁₃Si₄@P-CNTs) composite achieves a high pre-lithiation capacity of 970 mAh g⁻¹ and superb environmental stability, retaining 92.2% capacity after exposure to ambient air with 45% relative humidity. DFT calculations and in situ XRD measurements reveal that the paraffin-dominated coating membrane, featuring weak dipole–dipole interactions with water molecules, effectively reduces the moisture-induced oxidation kinetics of Li₁₃Si₄@P-CNTs in air. Electrochemical kinetic analysis and XPS depth profiling reveal the enhancement in charge transfer dynamics and surface Li⁺ transport kinetics (SEI rich in inorganic lithium salts) in P-SiO@C pre-lithiated by Li₁₃Si₄@P-CNTs pre-lithiation additives. Benefitting from pre-lithiation via Li₁₃Si₄@P-CNTs, the pre-lithiated SiO@C(P-SiO@C) delivers high ICE (103.7%), stable cycling performance (981 mAh g⁻¹ at 200 cycles) and superior rate performance (474.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 3C) in a half-cell system. The LFP||P-Gr pouch-type full cell exhibits a capacity retention of 83.2% (2500 cycles) and an energy density of 381 Wh kg⁻¹ after 2500 cycles. The Li₁₃Si₄@P-CNTs additives provide valuable design concepts for the development of pre-lithiation materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials for Energy Storage Devices)

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17 pages, 5778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of CuSO₄ on Anatase TiO₂ (101) Surface: A DFT Study

by Frank Maldonado, Darwin Castillo, Silvio Aguilar, Javier Carrión and Aramis Sánchez

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040114 - 5 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rapid growth of industrial activities has increased environmental pollution, and solar-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO₂ has emerged as a promising solution. However, its wide band gap limits its efficiency, prompting research into various optimization strategies. One of these approaches is surface [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of industrial activities has increased environmental pollution, and solar-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO₂ has emerged as a promising solution. However, its wide band gap limits its efficiency, prompting research into various optimization strategies. One of these approaches is surface functionalization. Thus, this study investigates the adsorption of CuSO₄ on the anatase TiO₂ (101) surface using density functional theory calculations. The adsorption process induced a magnetic moment of 0.97 µ_B and a slight reduction in overall bandwidth. A preferential adsorption geometry pattern with an energy of −4.31 eV was identified. Charge transfer analysis revealed a net transfer from the TiO₂ surface to the CuSO₄ molecule, with increased net atomic charges for atoms involved in new chemical bond formation, indicating a chemisorption process. These electronic structure modifications are expected to influence the electronic and catalytic properties of the material. The findings provide insights into the CuSO₄ adsorption mechanism on an anatase TiO₂ (101) surface and its impact on the properties of the material, contributing to a deeper understanding of this system. Full article

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17 pages, 10207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Different Cobalt Nanoparticle-Based Substrates

by Nicolas Moreau, Antonio Fonseca, Danilo Vuono, Joseph Delhalle, Zineb Mekhalif, Pierantonio De Luca and Janos B.Nagy

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040113 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The primary aim of this research was to identify the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining aligned carbon nanotubes, temporarily leaving aside aspects such as the purity of carbon nanotubes, which is nonetheless crucial for potential applications in the field of nanoelectronics. The predefined [...] Read more.

The primary aim of this research was to identify the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining aligned carbon nanotubes, temporarily leaving aside aspects such as the purity of carbon nanotubes, which is nonetheless crucial for potential applications in the field of nanoelectronics. The predefined alignment of CNTs can significantly influence the performance and efficiency of electronic components. In this study, two different catalytic supports based on cobalt nanoparticles, Co/SiO₂/Si and Co/C, have been utilized and compared in the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) synthesis of CNTs. Various parameters have been examined, including the nature and thickness of the catalyst, the reaction temperature, and the pressure of the acetylene mixture entering the reactor. The results indicate that the optimal temperature for the Co/SiO₂/Si catalyst is 800 °C, while for the Co/C catalyst, it is 450 °C. The optimal Co layer thickness should be between 20 and 30 Å. CNT growth occurs from the top in the Co/C system, whereas bottom-up growth is characteristic of the Co/SiO₂/Si catalyst, making the latter more suitable for the synthesis of CNTs intended for nanoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)

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24 pages, 7829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of SrCO₃/MgO/CaO/CaCO₃ Novel Nanocomposite for Efficient Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Media

by Ehab A. Abdelrahman and Maram T. Basha

Inorganics 2025, 13(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13040112 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Crystal violet dye poses significant environmental and human health risks due to its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulative nature. It contributes to potential carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, and systemic toxicity upon human exposure. To address this issue, a novel SrCO₃/MgO/CaO/CaCO₃ nanocomposite was synthesized [...] Read more.

Crystal violet dye poses significant environmental and human health risks due to its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulative nature. It contributes to potential carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, and systemic toxicity upon human exposure. To address this issue, a novel SrCO₃/MgO/CaO/CaCO₃ nanocomposite was synthesized using the Pechini sol-gel method, producing AE500 and AE700 at 500 and 700 °C, respectively, for the efficient removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous media. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline phases, with average crystallite sizes of 64.53 nm for AE500 and 75.34 nm for AE700. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed elemental compositions with variations in carbon, oxygen, magnesium, calcium, and strontium percentages influenced by synthesis temperature. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed morphological differences, where AE500 had irregular polyhedral structures, while AE700 exhibited more compact spherical formations, with average grain sizes of 99.98 and 132.23 nm, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) confirmed the structural integrity and nano-scale morphology, showing aggregated irregularly shaped particles in AE500, while AE700 displayed well-defined polyhedral and nearly spherical nanoparticles. The calculated average particle diameters were 21.67 nm for AE500 and 41.19 nm for AE700, demonstrating an increase in particle size with temperature. Adsorption studies demonstrated maximum capacities of 230.41 mg/g for AE500 and 189.39 mg/g for AE700. The adsorption process was exothermic, spontaneous, and physical, following the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption onto a homogenous surface. Full article

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