Next Article in Journal
Purification of Lithium Carbonate from Radioactive Contaminants Using a MnO2-Based Inorganic Sorbent
Next Article in Special Issue
Introductory Overview of Layer Formation Techniques of Ag Nanowires on Flexible Polymeric Substrates
Previous Article in Journal
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Properties of the Copper(II) Complexes with Novel Ligand: N-[4-({2-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioyl}amino)phenyl]acetamide
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Inorganics
Volume 11
Issue 10
10.3390/inorganics11100409
inorganics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Polymeric Protection for Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Performance and Applications

by
Heebo Ha
1,
Jun Young Cheong
2,*,
Tae Gwang Yun
3,* and
Byungil Hwang
4,*
1
Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
2
Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
3
Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
4
School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2023, 11(10), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100409
Submission received: 29 September 2023 / Revised: 10 October 2023 / Accepted: 13 October 2023 / Published: 16 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Quantum Electronics: Physics and Materials)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are a potential alternative to conventional transparent conductive materials for various applications, such as flexible and transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices, including touch screens, solar cells, and flexible displays. However, AgNW electrodes face degradation due to environmental factors, electrical instability, and mechanical stress. To overcome these challenges, strategies to protect AgNW-based electrodes via the incorporation of polymeric materials were widely investigated to improve the durability and stability of AgNW-based electrodes. This review paper gives a comprehensive overview of the incorporation of polymeric materials with AgNW electrodes, emphasizing their performance, and applications. We compare the different polymeric materials and their effect on the electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of AgNW electrodes. Furthermore, we evaluate the key factors affecting the choice of protective layers, such as their compatibility with AgNWs, and also we present current challenges and future opportunities for the development of polymeric materials for AgNW electrodes in emerging technologies.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The demand for advanced transparent conductive materials is increasing as flexible and high-performance electronic devices become more popular [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are one of the most promising candidates to replace the most widely used material, indium tin oxide (ITO) [5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14]. AgNWs possess a unique amalgamation of attributes, boasting exemplary electrical conductivity, remarkable optical transparency, and innate mechanical flexibility [1,8,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. These distinctive properties render them exceptionally well-suited for a diverse array of applications, spanning from cutting-edge touchscreens to innovative photovoltaic systems, and beyond.
For a substantial duration, ITO has held sway as the predominant transparent conductor, lauded for its formidable combination of high conductivity and exceptional transparency [22]. However, ITO bears significant drawbacks, notably its brittleness, exorbitant production costs, and the scarcity of indium—a pivotal component within its composition. These inherent limitations have galvanized a fervent quest for alternative materials, thrusting AgNWs into the spotlight as a formidable contender.
AgNWs have undeniably had their strengths proven, excelling in the efficient conduction of electricity, often outperforming ITO in this crucial regard [23,24]. Moreover, their nanoscale dimensions, characterized by diameters typically ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers and lengths extending across several micrometers, endow them with the remarkable ability to intricately weave complex networks [25,26]. These nanowire assemblies not only preserve an elevated level of electrical conductivity but also achieve superlative optical transparency—a prerequisite of paramount importance in applications where visual quality is of the essence [27,28]. In addition, the inherent flexibility of AgNWs has opened up new possibilities in electronics [29,30]. Devices that can bend, twist, and adapt to different shapes are now possible to be used, thanks to AgNW-based electrodes [27,28,30,31,32,33]. The potential of AgNWs as a key component in the field of flexible and stretchable electronics is an exciting prospect.
However, AgNWs have their own challenges that need to be overcome to fully exploit their potential, including their vulnerability to environmental factors such as oxidation and corrosion, which can degrade their performance over time [33,34]. Electrical instability is another issue, manifested in the disruption of electrical paths under mechanical stress or exposure to electric fields, leading to erratic device behavior. The limited mechanical stability of AgNW networks is another obstacle, requiring a delicate balance between flexibility and durability.
To address these formidable challenges, researchers have undertaken their own quest—to reinforce AgNW-based electrodes with protective materials, which can act as a shield against environmental threats, ensuring the long-term stability and reliability of AgNWs [35,36]. They also play an important role in improving the mechanical robustness of AgNW networks, enabling them to endure bending, stretching, and various forms of mechanical stress.
This review paper investigates the domain of polymeric protective materials for AgNW electrodes. We examine the various polymeric materials used to strengthen AgNWs against the challenges of the real world (Figure 1). Through a detailed analysis of protective layers, we aim to reveal their effect on the electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of AgNW-based electrodes. Moreover, we survey the diverse applications of these protected electrodes in different industries and the key factors influencing the choice of protective layers suited to specific use cases. Finally, we look ahead to the future, reflecting on the difficulties that remain and the infinite opportunities that await in the domain of AgNWs and their protection. Their incorporation with protective polymeric materials marks a crucial chapter in the story of AgNWs, one that has the potential to transform the field of transparent conductive materials and redefine the possibilities of modern technology.

2. Diverse Polymeric Overcoating

Polymeric materials are incorporated with AgNW electrodes using various methods, including spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, and inkjet printing [44,45,46]. The choice of method depends on the type of polymer, the desired thickness and uniformity of the layer, and compatibility with the substrate and the AgNW network. The details of each polymeric material for changing AgNW properties are discussed in following section. PDMS, as an elastomer, is excellent candidate for stretchable composites. There are numerous works on PDMS, and its applications are also diverse. Due to its exceptional mechanical properties, most of the works are focus on stretchable electrodes, and not on just flexible electrodes or on protection of AgNWs. Therefore, PDMS should be discussed and summarized as a separate review, which will be an interesting topic for future efforts in another review paper.

2.1. Polyurethane (PU)/AgNW

PU, a polymer comprising repeating urethane units characterized by the chemical formula NH2-CO-O-CH2, possesses an array of desirable attributes [33,47,48]. The strategic application of PU overcoating onto AgNW transparent electrodes yields multifaceted improvements in the performance and durability of AgNW-based devices, thereby addressing several pertinent challenges [33,47,48]. First, PU can reduce the surface roughness of AgNW electrodes by filling the gaps and smoothing the surface. This can enhance the optical transmittance and reduce the light scattering of the electrodes. Moreover, PU can improve the contact resistance between the AgNWs and the active materials of the devices by forming a uniform interface. This can increase the electrical conductivity and efficiency of the devices. Second, PU can protect AgNWs from external damages caused by mechanical deformation, chemical corrosion, or oxidation. This can increase the durability and reliability of the devices. PU can also prevent electrical shorting problems by isolating the AgNWs from each other and from the environment. This can reduce the power consumption and leakage current of the devices.
PU overcoating has shown to improve the performance and stability of AgNW-based devices without compromising their flexibility and transparency [33,47,48]. In the work by Hwang et al., a layer of PU was applied to AgNW electrodes, and various tests were conducted to assess their stability [33]. The incorporation of PU as an overcoating layer had a profound positive impact on the mechanical stability of AgNW electrodes. Even when subjected to 100 scratches (Figure 2a) and 60 wipes with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (Figure 2b), the composite electrodes made of PU and AgNWs displayed no deterioration in their optical or electrical characteristics. Moreover, the AgNW electrodes coated with PU demonstrated remarkable reliability, maintaining their resistance even after enduring 300,000 bending cycles (Figure 2d). Additionally, PU served as a protective shield against oxidation for the Ag nanowires; even after exposure for 120 h at 85 °C, the stability of the AgNWs remained intact (Figure 2c). Notably, the application of a PU coating also enhanced the optical transmittance of the AgNW electrodes, as PU possesses a refractive index intermediate between that of air and the substrate. Furthermore, the use of UV-curable PU facilitated a straightforward and precise patterning process. This involved selectively curing the PU through a shadow mask and subsequently removing the AgNWs from the uncured regions by employing sonication in IPA.
Hu et al. presented PU/AgNW composites and used them for touch sensors (Figure 3) [37]. The AgNW electrodes coated with PU exhibited a low sheet resistance of 8 Ω/sq while maintaining a high optical transmittance of 74.6% at a wavelength of 550 nm. The integration of AgNWs into the PU layer resulted in exceptional mechanical stability, with the surface resistance remaining unchanged even after undergoing multiple scotch tape tests. Intriguingly, the PU/AgNW composite electrodes demonstrated a reduction in sheet resistance when subjected to a 60% strain. This phenomenon occurred because the external strain caused the AgNWs to establish tighter contact with each other, thereby reducing the contact resistance between individual AgNWs. Furthermore, the touch panel employing the PU/AgNW composite electrodes exhibited remarkable sensitivity to a pressing force of 30 kPa.

2.2. Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) on AgNW

PMMA is a polymer that consists of repeating units of methyl methacrylate, which is a chemical compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)2-C(O)-O-CH2 [38,39,49,50]. PMMA has high transparency, good adhesion, low toxicity, and resistance to heat, moisture, and chemicals [38,39,49,50]. In the work by Sun et al., AgNWs with PMMA were utilized for two specific applications including a thin film heater and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detector for biosensors [38]. The process involved dissolving PMMA in tetrahydrofuran (THF), which was then applied through spin-coating onto the AgNW electrodes (Figure 4a). The resulting PMMA/AgNW electrodes exhibited impressive characteristics, boasting a low sheet resistance of 8 Ω/sq alongside a high optical transmittance of approximately 85%. Importantly, these PMMA-coated AgNW electrodes demonstrated exceptional mechanical stability, even when subjected to bending deformations (Figure 4c,d). In the realm of thin film heating, devices employing PMMA/AgNW electrodes showcased robust joule heating performance, emphasizing their practical utility (Figure 4e). Furthermore, these PMMA/AgNW electrodes were effectively employed for the SERS detection of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) solutions, underscoring their versatility and efficacy in biosensing applications (Figure 4f).
In the work by Kim et al., a transparent quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) was demonstrated with PMMA/AgNW electrodes [39]. The PMMA/AgNW electrodes showed good chemical stability without degradation when exposed to ambient air. In addition, a low sheet resistance of 16.1 Ω/sq and a high optical transmittance of approximately ~87% were achieved (Figure 5a). The PMAM/AgNW electrodes, possessing optimized optoelectronic properties (with a figure of merit approximately equal to 3.3 × 10−2), were coated with an ultrathin PMMA nanolayer (Figure 5b). These coated AgNWs were then transferred to QLEDs without causing significant damage to the adjacent active layer (Figure 5c,d). The resulting transparent QLEDs utilizing these transparent top electrodes demonstrated outstanding performance metrics (Figure 5e–g). They achieved a maximum total luminance of 27,310 cd·m2 and a current efficiency of 45.99 cd·A–1. These QLEDs, fabricated through entirely solution-based processes, create the potential for fabrication through the full roll-to-roll process.

2.3. Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) on AgNW

One of the methods is to use PVDF as an overcoating layer on Ag NWs [32,51,52,53]. PVDF is a piezoelectric polymer that has good thermal stability, chemical resistance, and mechanical properties [54,55]. Li et al. explored a highly thermally conductive film fabricated using a combination of AgNW and PVDF through a bar coating method (Figure 6a) [32]. The through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivity of the AgNW/PVDF composite film were measured at 0.31 and 1.61 W/mK, respectively, and significantly surpassed those of the pure PVDF film (Figure 6b,c). The experiment demonstrated the successful formation of thermally conductive pathways within the PVDF overcoating due to the incorporation of AgNW. Moreover, it was observed that heat preferentially transferred along these thermally conductive pathways rather than through the PVDF overcoating layer itself (Figure 6d,e).
Zhang et al. developed transparent PVDF/AgNW electrodes, where AgNWs were partially embedded in PVDF layers that remarkably enhanced the electrical conductivity and adhesion of AgNWs (Figure 7a) [40]. The conductivity increased by more than two times during the formation of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes (Figure 7b,c). The adhesion of the AgNWs to the substrate was significantly enhanced, while the conductivity was persevered under multiple bending deformations (Figure 7d–f). Antioxidant ability and chemical resistance was also remarkably improved due to the excellent chemical stability of the PVDF substrate and the conductive structure of the PVDF/AgNW electrode. Therefore, the PVDF/AgNW electrode showed a much slower increase in sheet resistance than that of bare AgNWs during the 30 days of exposure to ambient air (Figure 7g).

2.4. Polyaniline (PANI)/AgNW

PANI is a conducting polymer renowned for its remarkable electrical and mechanical characteristics [41,56,57,58]. It can be produced through diverse synthesis methods, including chemical oxidation, electrochemical polymerization, and interfacial polymerization [41,56,57,58]. Polyaniline exhibits versatility through its existence in distinct oxidation states, namely leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline, each characterized by unique colors and conductive properties. Moreover, the conductivity and stability of polyaniline can be significantly improved by doping it with acids or bases [41,56,57,58]. PANI can also improve the adhesion between AgNWs and substrates, and reduce the surface roughness of the electrodes.
Kumar et al. investigated AgNW/PANI transparent electrodes via layer-by-layer coating and mechanical pressing, resulting in excellent surface characteristics (Figure 8a,b) [41]. The empty spaces between the individual AgNWs were filled with a polyaniline:polystyrene-sulphonate (PANI:PSS) coating, which reduced the surface roughness of the AgNWs electrode to ~6.5 nm (Figure 8c,d). The transparent composite electrode achieved a reasonable sheet resistance of 25 Ω/sq and a high transmittance of 83.5%, highlighting the enhancement of the conducting properties of AgNWs when incorporated into a composite with PANI:PSS. In the work by Fang et al., AgNW/PANI composite electrodes were fabricated to have a free-standing layer structure [31]. The composite electrode showed a high electrical conductivity (EC) of 5300 S/cm, which is higher than that of bare AgNW electrodes (Figure 8e). The conductivity of the composite electrodes was retained even after cyclic bendings.

2.5. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/AgNW

PEDOT:PSS enhances the performance and stability of AgNW transparent electrodes [46,59,60,61]. PEDOT:PSS reduces the contact resistance between individual AgNWs, thereby increasing the overall conductivity of the network [44,45,46]. In addition, the optical performance of AgNW electrodes can be enhanced by filling the gaps between AgNWs and reducing the light reflection [44,45,46]. For example, PEDOT:PSS protects AgNWs from oxidation and corrosion by forming a passivation layer that prevents contact between oxygen and water molecules from the surface of the AgNWs [46,59,60,61]. In addition, the thermal degradation of AgNWs is suppressed by the overcoating acting as a thermal barrier that reduces the heat transfer between AgNWs and the substrate [46,59,60,61]. However, PEDOT:PSS is susceptible to high temperatures or humidity, resulting in the loss of conductivity or transparency. Therefore, the optimal thickness and composition of PEDOT:PSS overcoatings should be carefully controlled to balance the trade-off between protection and performance.
In the work by He et al., PEDOT:PSS-coated AgNW transparent electrodes were used for a flexible transparent heater [42]. PEDOT:PSS overcoating provides protection via enhancing the adhesion and flexibility of AgNW transparent electrodes, as well as preventing their oxidation and corrosion. Moreover, PEDOT:PSS overcoatings also improve heating efficiency by reducing the contact resistance and noise of AgNW transparent electrodes (Figure 9a,b).
Zappia et al. used PEDOT:PSS-coated AgNW transparent electrodes for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) [43]. PSCs require transparent electrodes that have high conductivity, transparency, work function, and stability. AgNW transparent electrodes meet these requirements, but they need to be compatible with the organic materials and the deposition techniques used in PSCs. PEDOT:PSS overcoating is compatible with the PSC system in that in increases the work function and surface energy of AgNW transparent electrodes, as well as preventing their aggregation or migration during the deposition process. The power conversion efficiency was 25% (Figure 9c). Furthermore, PEDOT:PSS overcoating improves the power conversion efficiency and lifetime of PSCs by enhancing the charge extraction and transport of AgNW transparent electrodes.

2.6. Polyimide (PI)/AgNW

Another important polymer material for the protection of AgNW is PI as it has high thermal and mechanical stabilities [62,63,64]. For example, Ghosh et al. presented a transparent conductor (TC) that consists of AgNWs embedded in a thin PI film (5 μm thick) [62]. The PI/AgNW TC showed outstanding optical transparency in the visible range, exceeding that of indium tin oxide (ITO) with more than 90% transmission. At the same time, it has a similar electrical sheet resistance of only 15 ohms per square. The PI film had two functions; it protected the AgNWs from environmental factors such as oxygen and moisture, and it supported the AgNW network mechanically. The TC showed excellent mechanical stability under bending with a radius of just 1 mm without any problems of adhesion. Moreover, this TC reduces the initial roughness of the AgNWs by about 15 times. In the work by Huang et al., PI/AgNW was also explored for a thin film heater [63]. The resistance of the PI/AgNW electrode under bending was excellent, showing no significant change even after 1000 outer bends. This amazing performance was due to the effective embedding of the AgNW network within the transparent PI film. The surface of PI/AgNW was very smooth (Rrms < 1 nm), and showed the electrode’s resistance to oxidation and moisture, making it more durable. Wang et al. also presented PI/AgNW electrodes, wiere AgNWs were partially embedded in PI films [64]. The PI/AgNW electrodes exhibited exceptional performance across various parameters, including a low sheet resistance of ~12.7 Ω/sq, high optical transmittance of ~86.3%, and low RMS value of ~0.32 nm. Furthermore, they showed excellent stability when subjected to thermal, mechanical, and solution-based conditions.

3. Challenges and Future Perspectives

Polymeric materials applied to AgNW electrodes face several challenges and future prospects. One of the most significant challenges is ensuring scalability for mass production. To achieve this, researchers are optimizing deposition techniques such as roll-to-roll coating and inkjet printing to deliver uniform polymeric layers efficiently. The integration of these layers into emerging technologies such as foldable displays poses unique challenges, calling for materials that seamlessly combine robustness with flexibility. Ongoing research investigates advanced organic–inorganic composites and innovative manufacturing methods to address this challenge.
Long-term stability and reliability are paramount concerns, driving the establishment of standardized testing protocols, accelerated aging studies, and predictive models to ensure durability against environmental factors. Additionally, in an era prioritizing environmental sustainability, the assessment of the ecological footprint of polymeric materials is becoming indispensable. Researchers are spurring research into eco-friendly materials, sustainable fabrication techniques, and strategies for recycling and reusing AgNW electrodes with polymeric materials to minimize waste and environmental impacts.

4. Summary

AgNWs are susceptible to environmental factors such as oxidation and corrosion, which limit their long-term performance. Furthermore, electrical instability can manifest when they are subjected to mechanical stress and electric fields, resulting in unpredictable device behavior. The delicate balance between flexibility and durability also introduces a significant hurdle in the realization of robust AgNW networks.
To overcome these challenges, protective layers have emerged as indispensable preservers of AgNW-based electrodes. These layers serve as shields against environmental threats, ensuring the durability and stability of AgNWs even in the harshest conditions. Simultaneously, they fortify the mechanical integrity of AgNW networks, enabling them to withstand the rigors of flexibility and mechanical stress.
This review paper systematically examines various polymeric materials and their influence on the electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of AgNW-based electrodes. Table 1 provides the overview of various polymeric materials for AgNW electrodes. The paper also reviews the applications of these protected electrodes in different fields and demonstrates their adaptability and importance in various domains. Moreover, the paper clarifies the key factors that determine the choice of protective layers according to specific application needs.
As transparent conductive materials are advancing rapidly, the incorporation of protective materials is an essential step to enhance the performance and durability of AgNWs. These materials and their protection methods offer great potential and opportunities for various applications. However, there are still challenges and open questions that need to be addressed, and the research on AgNWs and their protection is ongoing, driven by the continuous pursuit of innovation and the exploration of the diverse possibilities in the dynamic field of AgNWs and their protection.

Author Contributions

H.H., J.Y.C., T.G.Y., and B.H. prepared the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by GRDC (Global Research Development Center) Cooperative Hub Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT) (RS-2023-00257595).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by GRDC (Global Research Development Center) Cooperative Hub Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT) (RS-2023-00257595).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

References

  1. Wang, T.; Lu, K.; Xu, Z.; Lin, Z.; Ning, H.; Qiu, T.; Yang, Z.; Zheng, H.; Yao, R.; Peng, J. Recent Developments in Flexible Transparent Electrode. Crystals 2021, 11, 511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Pang, S.; Hernandez, Y.; Feng, X.; Müllen, K. Graphene as Transparent Electrode Material for Organic Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2779–2795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Morales-Masis, M.; De Wolf, S.; Woods-Robinson, R.; Ager, J.W.; Ballif, C. Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2017, 3, 1600529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Kim, H.; Qaiser, N.; Hwang, B. Electro-mechanical response of stretchable pdms composites with a hybrid filler system. Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng. 2023, 21, 51–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Jin, I.S.; Lee, H.D.; Hong, S.I.; Lee, W.; Jung, J.W. Facile Post Treatment of Ag Nanowire/Polymer Composites for Flexible Transparent Electrodes and Thin Film Heaters. Polymers 2021, 13, 586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Kim, W.-K.; Lee, S.; Hee Lee, D.; Hee Park, I.; Seong Bae, J.; Woo Lee, T.; Kim, J.-Y.; Hun Park, J.; Chan Cho, Y.; Ryong Cho, C.; et al. Cu Mesh for Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrodes. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 10715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Luo, M.; Liu, Y.; Huang, W.; Qiao, W.; Zhou, Y.; Ye, Y.; Chen, L.-S. Towards Flexible Transparent Electrodes Based on Carbon and Metallic Materials. Micromachines 2017, 8, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Xie, H.; Yang, X.; Du, D.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, Y. Flexible Transparent Conductive Film Based on Random Networks of Silver Nanowires. Micromachines 2018, 9, 295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Tokuno, T.; Nogi, M.; Karakawa, M.; Jiu, J.; Nge, T.T.; Aso, Y.; Suganuma, K. Fabrication of silver nanowire transparent electrodes at room temperature. Nano Res. 2011, 4, 1215–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Ahn, Y.; Jeong, Y.; Lee, Y. Improved Thermal Oxidation Stability of Solution-Processable Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrode by Reduced Graphene Oxide. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 6410–6414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Fang, Y.; Wu, Z.; Li, J.; Jiang, F.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, J.; Hu, B. High-Performance Hazy Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes through Diameter Tailoring for Semitransparent Photovoltaics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1705409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Choi, Y.; Kim, C.S.; Jo, S. Spray Deposition of Ag Nanowire–Graphene Oxide Hybrid Electrodes for Flexible Polymer–Dispersed Liquid Crystal Displays. Materials 2018, 11, 2231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Hajipour, P.; Bahrami, A.; Mehr, M.Y.; van Driel, W.D.; Zhang, K. Facile Synthesis of Ag Nanowire/TiO2 and Ag Nanowire/TiO2/GO Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B. Materials 2012, 14, 763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Nam, V.B.; Lee, D. Copper Nanowires and Their Applications for Flexible, Transparent Conducting Films: A Review. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Hwang, B.; Han, Y.; Matteini, P. Bending fatigue behavior of ag nanowire/cu thin-film hybrid interconnects for wearable electronics. Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng. 2022, 20, 553–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Hwang, B.; Matteini, P. Research Trends on Silk-Based Conductive Fibers with the Enhanced Machine Washa-bility by Adopting PEDOT:PSS. J. Nat. Fibers 2023, 20, 2148152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Limkatanyu, S.; Sae-Long, W.; Rungamornrat, J.; Buachart, C.; Sukontasukkul, P.; Keawsawasvong, S.; Chindaprasirt, P. Bending, buckling and free vibration analyses of nanobeam-substrate medium systems. Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng. 2022, 20, 561–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Ha, H.; Müller, S.; Baumann, R.-P.; Hwang, B. Peakforce quantitative nanomechanical mapping for surface energy characterization on the nanoscale: A mini-review. Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Seo, Y.; Ha, H.; Cheong, J.Y.; Leem, M.; Darabi, S.; Matteini, P.; Müller, C.; Yun, T.G.; Hwang, B. Highly Reliable Yarn-Type Supercapacitor Using Conductive Silk Yarns with Multilayered Active Materials. J. Nat. Fibers 2021, 19, 835–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Shi, Y.; He, L.; Deng, Q.; Liu, Q.; Li, L.; Wang, W.; Xin, Z.; Liu, R. Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conductive Films. Micromachines 2019, 10, 330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhu, Y.; Li, X.; Xu, Y.; Wu, L.; Yu, A.; Lai, G.; Wei, Q.; Chi, H.; Jiang, N.; Fu, L.; et al. Intertwined Carbon Nanotubes and Ag Nanowires Constructed by Simple Solution Blending as Sensitive and Stable Chloramphenicol Sensors. Sensors 2021, 21, 1220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Im, H.-G.; Jin, J.; Ko, J.-H.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.-Y.; Bae, B.-S. Flexible transparent conducting composite films using a monolithically embedded AgNW electrode with robust performance stability. Nanoscale 2013, 6, 711–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Kim, A.; Won, Y.; Woo, K.; Kim, C.-H.; Moon, J. Highly Transparent Low Resistance ZnO/Ag Nanowire/ZnO Composite Electrode for Thin Film Solar Cells. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 1081–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Kumar, A.; Shaikh, M.O.; Chuang, C.-H. Silver Nanowire Synthesis and Strategies for Fabricating Transparent Conducting Electrodes. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Wang, B.-Y.; Lee, E.-S.; Oh, Y.-J.; Kang, H.W. A silver nanowire mesh overcoated protection layer with graphene oxide as a transparent electrode for flexible organic solar cells. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 52914–52922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Jang, J.; Choi, J.-Y.; Jeon, J.; Lee, J.; Im, J.; Lee, J.; Jin, S.-W.; Park, H.-J.; Lee, S.-H.; Kim, D.-B.; et al. Flexible Transparent Electrode Characteristics of Graphene Oxide/Cysteamine/AgNP/AgNW Structure. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Cho, S.; Kang, S.; Pandya, A.; Shanker, R.; Khan, Z.; Lee, Y.; Park, J.; Craig, S.L.; Ko, H. Large-Area Cross-Aligned Silver Nanowire Electrodes for Flexible, Transparent, and Force-Sensitive Mechanochromic Touch Screens. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 4346–4357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Bari, B.; Lee, J.; Jang, T.; Won, P.; Ko, S.H.; Alamgir, K.; Arshad, M.; Guo, L.J. Simple hydrothermal synthesis of very-long and thin silver nanowires and their application in high quality transparent electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 11365–11371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Lian, L.; Dong, D.; Feng, D.; He, G. Low roughness silver nanowire flexible transparent electrode by low temper-ature solution-processing for organic light emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 2017, 49, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Xiong, W.; Liu, H.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, M.; Zhao, Y.; Kong, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Kong, X.; Wang, P.; et al. Highly Conductive, Air-Stable Silver Nanowire@Iongel Composite Films toward Flexible Transparent Electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 7167–7172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Fang, F.; Li, Y.-Q.; Xiao, H.-M.; Hu, N.; Fu, S.-Y. Layer-structured silver nanowire/polyaniline composite film as a high performance X-band EMI shielding material. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 4193–4203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Li, Z.; Zhang, L.; Qi, R.; Xie, F.; Qi, S. Improvement of the thermal transport performance of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite film including silver nanowire. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hwang, B.; An, C.-H.; Becker, S. Highly robust Ag nanowire flexible transparent electrode with UV-curable polyurethane-based overcoating layer. Mater. Des. 2017, 129, 180–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Hwang, B.; Qaiser, N.; Lee, C.; Matteini, P.; Yoo, S.J.; Kim, H. Effect of Al2O3/Alucone nanolayered composite overcoating on reliability of Ag nanowire electrodes under bending fatigue. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 846, 156420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Lee, D.; Lee, H.; Ahn, Y.; Jeong, Y.; Lee, D.-Y.; Lee, Y. Highly stable and flexible silver nanowire–graphene hybrid transparent conducting electrodes for emerging optoelectronic devices. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 7750–7755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Wang, P.; Jian, M.; Zhang, C.; Wu, M.; Ling, X.; Zhang, J.; Wei, B.; Yang, L. Highly Stable Graphene-Based Flexible Hybrid Transparent Conductive Electrodes for Organic Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 9, 2101442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Hu, W.; Niu, X.; Zhao, R.; Pei, Q. Elastomeric transparent capacitive sensors based on an interpenetrating composite of silver nanowires and polyurethane. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Sun, J.; Yu, X.; Li, Z.; Zhao, J.; Zhu, P.; Dong, X.; Yu, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Shi, D.; Wang, J.; et al. Ultrasonic Modification of Ag Nanowires and Their Applications in Flexible Transparent Film Heaters and SERS Detectors. Materials 2019, 12, 893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Kim, S.; Kim, J.; Kim, D.; Kim, B.; Chae, H.; Yi, H.; Hwang, B. High-Performance Transparent Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diode with Patchable Transparent Electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 26333–26338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Gui, J.; Wang, X.; Li, R.; Liu, W.; Sun, C.; Zhao, X.; Guo, S. Efficient Welding of Silver Nanowires embedded in a Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Film for Robust Wearable Electronics. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2018, 4, 1800438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Kumar, A.B.V.K.; Jiang, J.; Bae, C.W.; Seo, D.M.; Piao, L.; Kim, S.-H. Silver nanowire/polyaniline composite trans-parent electrode with improved surface properties. Mater. Res. Bull. 2014, 57, 52–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. He, X.; Shen, G.; Xu, R.; Yang, W.; Zhang, C.; Liu, Z.; Chen, B.; Liu, J.; Song, M. Hexagonal and Square Patterned Silver Nanowires/PEDOT:PSS Composite Grids by Screen Printing for Uniformly Transparent Heaters. Polymers 2019, 11, 468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Zappia, S.; Alloisio, M.; Valdivia, J.C.; Arias, E.; Moggio, I.; Scavia, G.; Destri, S. Silver Nanoparticle–PEDOT:PSS Composites as Water-Processable Anodes: Correlation between the Synthetic Parameters and the Optical/Morphological Properties. Polymers 2023, 15, 3675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Li, X.; Park, H.; Lee, M.H.; Hwang, B.; Kim, S.H.; Lim, S. High resolution patterning of Ag nanowire flexible trans-parent electrode via electrohydrodynamic jet printing of acrylic polymer-silicate nanoparticle composite overcoating layer. Org. Electron. 2018, 62, 400–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Yang, H.; Bai, S.; Guo, X.; Wang, H. Robust and smooth UV-curable layer overcoated AgNW flexible transparent conductor for EMI shielding and film heater. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 483, 888–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Chen, S.; Song, L.; Tao, Z.; Shao, X.; Huang, Y.; Cui, Q.; Guo, X. Neutral-pH PEDOT:PSS as over-coating layer for stable silver nanowire flexible transparent conductive films. Org. Electron. 2014, 15, 3654–3659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Choi, J.H.; Lee, K.Y.; Kim, S.W. Ultra-bendable and durable Graphene–Urethane composite/silver nanowire film for flexible transparent electrodes and electromagnetic-interference shielding. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 177, 107406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Tiwari, N.; Ankit, A.; Rajput, M.; Kulkarni, M.R.; John, R.A.; Mathews, N. Healable and flexible transparent heaters. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 14990–14997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Yu, S.; Ma, X.; Li, X.; Li, J.; Gong, B.; Wang, X. Enhanced adhesion of Ag nanowire based transparent conducting electrodes for application in flexible electrochromic devices. Opt. Mater. 2021, 120, 111414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zhu, Y.; Deng, Y.; Yi, P.; Peng, L.; Lai, X.; Lin, Z. Flexible Transparent Electrodes Based on Silver Nanowires: Mate-rial Synthesis, Fabrication, Performance, and Applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2019, 4, 1900413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Khadtare, S.; Ko, E.J.; Kim, Y.H.; Lee, H.S.; Moon, D.K. A flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator using conducting polymer and silver nanowire hybrid electrodes for its application in real-time muscular monitoring system. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2019, 299, 111575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Bobinger, M.; Keddis, S.; Hinterleuthner, S.; Becherer, M.; Kluge, F.; Schwesinger, N.; Salmeron, J.F.; Lugli, P.; Rivadeneyra, A. Light and Pressure Sensors Based on PVDF With Sprayed and Transparent Electrodes for Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes. IEEE Sens. J. 2018, 19, 1114–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Basarir, F.; Madani, Z.; Vapaavuori, J. Recent Advances in Silver Nanowire Based Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors: From Structure, Fabrication to Emerging Applications. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2200866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Tan, Q.; Yuan, L.; Liang, G.; Gu, A. Flexible, transparent, strong and high dielectric constant composite film based on polyionic liquid coated silver nanowire hybrid. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 576, 151827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Bobinger, M.; Hinterleuthner, S.; Becherer, M.; Keddis, S.; Schwesinger, N.; Lugli, P. Energy harvesting from ambient light using PVDF with highly conductive and transparent silver nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybride electrodes. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 25–28 July 2017; pp. 426–429. [Google Scholar]
  56. Gao, D.; Zhao, P.; Liu, J.; Zhou, Y.; Lyu, B.; Ma, J.; Shao, L. Polyaniline/silver nanowire cotton fiber: A flexible electrode material for supercapacitor. Adv. Powder Technol. 2021, 32, 3954–3963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Fang, F.; Huang, G.-W.; Xiao, H.-M.; Li, Y.-Q.; Hu, N.; Fu, S.-Y. Largely enhanced electrical conductivity of layer-structured silver nanowire/polyimide composite films by polyaniline. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2018, 156, 144–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Che, B.; Zhou, D.; Li, H.; He, C.; Liu, E.; Lu, X. A highly bendable transparent electrode for organic electrochromic devices. Org. Electron. 2018, 66, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Bai, S.; Guo, X.; Chen, T.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yang, H.; Zhao, X. Solution processed fabrication of silver nanowire-MXene@PEDOT: PSS flexible transparent electrodes for flexible organic light-emitting diodes. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2020, 139, 106088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Liu, Y.-S.; Feng, J.; Ou, X.-L.; Cui, H.-F.; Xu, M.; Sun, H.-B. Ultrasmooth, highly conductive and transparent PE-DOT:PSS/silver nanowire composite electrode for flexible organic light-emitting devices. Org. Electron. 2016, 31, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Nair, N.M.; Pakkathillam, J.K.; Kumar, K.; Arunachalam, K.; Ray, D.; Swaminathan, P. Printable Silver Nanowire and PEDOT:PSS Nanocomposite Ink for Flexible Transparent Conducting Applications. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2020, 2, 1000–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Ghosh, D.S.; Chen, T.L.; Mkhitaryan, V.; Pruneri, V. Ultrathin Transparent Conductive Polyimide Foil Embedding Silver Nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 20943–20948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Huang, Q.; Shen, W.; Fang, X.; Chen, G.; Guo, J.; Xu, W.; Tan, R.; Song, W. Highly flexible and transparent film heaters based on polyimide films embedded with silver nanowires. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 45836–45842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Wang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, G.; Xiao, C.; Wei, Y.; Li, W. Ultrathin Flexible Transparent Composite Electrode via Semi-embedding Silver Nanowires in a Colorless Polyimide for High-Performance Ultraflexible Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 5699–5708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Inorganics 11 00409 g001
Figure 1. An overview of polymeric materials for AgNWs. Reproduced with permission from refs. [31,32,33,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].
Figure 1. An overview of polymeric materials for AgNWs. Reproduced with permission from refs. [31,32,33,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].
Inorganics 11 00409 g001
Inorganics 11 00409 g002
Figure 2. Change in optical transmittance, haze, and sheet resistance as a function of (a) the number of scratches made using a pen, (b) the number of wipes using IPA, (c) the hours of exposure to ambient air at 85 °C, and (d) the number of bending cycles of PU coating on the AgNW electrodes. Reproduced with permission from ref. [33].
Figure 2. Change in optical transmittance, haze, and sheet resistance as a function of (a) the number of scratches made using a pen, (b) the number of wipes using IPA, (c) the hours of exposure to ambient air at 85 °C, and (d) the number of bending cycles of PU coating on the AgNW electrodes. Reproduced with permission from ref. [33].
Inorganics 11 00409 g002
Inorganics 11 00409 g003
Figure 3. (a) A schematic illustration of the fabrication of a transparent capacitive array comprising an acrylic elastomer layer as the dielectric spacer between two transparent AgNW/PU composite electrodes. (b) Photograph of a pressure sensor array (10 × 10 pixels), each pixel representing a square area of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2 separated by 1 mm from other areas. (c) Photograph of the sensor array bent at 180°. (d) SEM image of a surface area, half of which comprises patterned AgNW/PU electrodes. (e) Change in the capacitance, ΔC/C0, of one pixel with transversely applied pressure. (f) Mapping of the measured capacitance changes of pixels in the area where a pressure of 30 KPa was applied on the central pixel. Reproduced with permission from ref. [37].
Figure 3. (a) A schematic illustration of the fabrication of a transparent capacitive array comprising an acrylic elastomer layer as the dielectric spacer between two transparent AgNW/PU composite electrodes. (b) Photograph of a pressure sensor array (10 × 10 pixels), each pixel representing a square area of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2 separated by 1 mm from other areas. (c) Photograph of the sensor array bent at 180°. (d) SEM image of a surface area, half of which comprises patterned AgNW/PU electrodes. (e) Change in the capacitance, ΔC/C0, of one pixel with transversely applied pressure. (f) Mapping of the measured capacitance changes of pixels in the area where a pressure of 30 KPa was applied on the central pixel. Reproduced with permission from ref. [37].
Inorganics 11 00409 g003
Inorganics 11 00409 g004
Figure 4. (a) A schematic of the structure of PMMA/AgNW electrodes; (b) temperature rise in the PMMA/AgNW electrode-based thin film heaters; (c,d) top views of AgNW electrodes after cyclic bendings without and with PMMA overcoating. Partial fragments of AgNWs are highlighted by yellow dot square frames. (e) Temperature increase curves of PMMA/AgNW electrode-based thin film heaters; the inset images are the optical photographs of the defogging process on the Ag-nanowire-based film heater. (f) SERS signals of PMMA/AgNW electrodes. Reproduced from ref. [38] under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
Figure 4. (a) A schematic of the structure of PMMA/AgNW electrodes; (b) temperature rise in the PMMA/AgNW electrode-based thin film heaters; (c,d) top views of AgNW electrodes after cyclic bendings without and with PMMA overcoating. Partial fragments of AgNWs are highlighted by yellow dot square frames. (e) Temperature increase curves of PMMA/AgNW electrode-based thin film heaters; the inset images are the optical photographs of the defogging process on the Ag-nanowire-based film heater. (f) SERS signals of PMMA/AgNW electrodes. Reproduced from ref. [38] under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
Inorganics 11 00409 g004
Inorganics 11 00409 g005
Figure 5. (a) UV–vis transmittance spectra of AgNW/PMMA as a function of the number of AgNW coatings (1–4 times). (b) Transmittance at 550 nm of (a) versus the sheet resistance measured for each sample with the different number of AgNW coatings. Figures of merit were calculated from the transmittance and sheet resistance values and are presented together in (b). The numbers in parentheses denote the number of AgNW coatings. Schematic illustrations of (c) the AgNW/PMMA TE fabrication process and (d) the applications in transparent QLEDs. Performance of the transparent QLEDs with the AgNW/PMMA top electrodes. (e) Current density–voltage, (f) luminance–voltage, and (g) current efficiency characteristics. Reproduced with permission from ref. [39].
Figure 5. (a) UV–vis transmittance spectra of AgNW/PMMA as a function of the number of AgNW coatings (1–4 times). (b) Transmittance at 550 nm of (a) versus the sheet resistance measured for each sample with the different number of AgNW coatings. Figures of merit were calculated from the transmittance and sheet resistance values and are presented together in (b). The numbers in parentheses denote the number of AgNW coatings. Schematic illustrations of (c) the AgNW/PMMA TE fabrication process and (d) the applications in transparent QLEDs. Performance of the transparent QLEDs with the AgNW/PMMA top electrodes. (e) Current density–voltage, (f) luminance–voltage, and (g) current efficiency characteristics. Reproduced with permission from ref. [39].
Inorganics 11 00409 g005
Inorganics 11 00409 g006
Figure 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of the AgNW/PVDF composite film. (b) Through-plane thermal conductivity and through-plane thermal diffusivity at different volume fractions. (c) In-plane thermal conductivity and in-plane thermal diffusivity at different volume fractions. (d) SEM image of the AgNW/PVDF composite film forming a thermally conductive pathway. (e) Dispersion principle diagram of AgNW in the AgNW/PVDF composite film. Reproduced with permission from ref. [32].
Figure 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of the AgNW/PVDF composite film. (b) Through-plane thermal conductivity and through-plane thermal diffusivity at different volume fractions. (c) In-plane thermal conductivity and in-plane thermal diffusivity at different volume fractions. (d) SEM image of the AgNW/PVDF composite film forming a thermally conductive pathway. (e) Dispersion principle diagram of AgNW in the AgNW/PVDF composite film. Reproduced with permission from ref. [32].
Inorganics 11 00409 g006
Inorganics 11 00409 g007
Figure 7. The fabrication and characteristics of PVDF/AgNW electrodes. (a) The fabrication of transparent PVDF/AgNW electrodes. (b) The sheet resistance of the AgNWs films decreasing with increasing concentrations. (c) The sheet resistance of PVDF/AgNW electrodes significantly decreasing by about half compared with that of AgNW films with the same concentrations. Flexibility tests and the long-term stability of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes are shown. The area of the electrode was 3 cm2 (1 cm × 3 cm). (d) I–V curves of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes bent at different angles. The responses show that the bent electrodes did not change compared with those in the unbent state. (e) Dynamical resistance variation in the PVDF/AgNW electrodes with bending angles from 0° to 180° for 60 s. (f) The variation in the sheet resistance of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes after repeated bending from 0° to 180° for various cycles. (g) The long-term stability of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes after exposure to air for 30 days. Reproduced with permission from ref. [40].
Figure 7. The fabrication and characteristics of PVDF/AgNW electrodes. (a) The fabrication of transparent PVDF/AgNW electrodes. (b) The sheet resistance of the AgNWs films decreasing with increasing concentrations. (c) The sheet resistance of PVDF/AgNW electrodes significantly decreasing by about half compared with that of AgNW films with the same concentrations. Flexibility tests and the long-term stability of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes are shown. The area of the electrode was 3 cm2 (1 cm × 3 cm). (d) I–V curves of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes bent at different angles. The responses show that the bent electrodes did not change compared with those in the unbent state. (e) Dynamical resistance variation in the PVDF/AgNW electrodes with bending angles from 0° to 180° for 60 s. (f) The variation in the sheet resistance of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes after repeated bending from 0° to 180° for various cycles. (g) The long-term stability of the PVDF/AgNW electrodes after exposure to air for 30 days. Reproduced with permission from ref. [40].
Inorganics 11 00409 g007
Inorganics 11 00409 g008
Figure 8. (a) Schematic representation of the preparation of the AgNW/PANI:PSS composite transparent conducting film via layer-by-layer coating. (b) Filling properties of the conducting film with and without PANI:PSS. (c) The AFM image and (d) height distribution of the AgNW/PANI transparent electrode after pressing. Reproduced with permission from ref. [41]. (e) Schematic showing the preparation of the layer-structured AgNW/PANI composite film. First step: an AgNW dispersion was cast on a glass slide to form a deposition layer; second step: a PANI solution was cast over the AgNW layer; third step: thermal evaporation was conducted and the AgNW/PANI composite film was peeled off from the glass substrate. Reproduced with permission from ref. [31].
Figure 8. (a) Schematic representation of the preparation of the AgNW/PANI:PSS composite transparent conducting film via layer-by-layer coating. (b) Filling properties of the conducting film with and without PANI:PSS. (c) The AFM image and (d) height distribution of the AgNW/PANI transparent electrode after pressing. Reproduced with permission from ref. [41]. (e) Schematic showing the preparation of the layer-structured AgNW/PANI composite film. First step: an AgNW dispersion was cast on a glass slide to form a deposition layer; second step: a PANI solution was cast over the AgNW layer; third step: thermal evaporation was conducted and the AgNW/PANI composite film was peeled off from the glass substrate. Reproduced with permission from ref. [31].
Inorganics 11 00409 g008
Inorganics 11 00409 g009
Figure 9. Evolution of generated temperature of the AgNW/PEDOT:PSS composite film with a (a) hexagonal pattern at varied voltages from 1 to 8 V, and (b) with a square pattern at varied voltages from 10 to 50 V [42]. Reproduced from ref. [42] under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. (c) J–V curve for the solar cell using AgNW/PEDOT:PSS composites, the configuration of which is sketched in the inset [43]. Reproduced from ref. [43] under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
Figure 9. Evolution of generated temperature of the AgNW/PEDOT:PSS composite film with a (a) hexagonal pattern at varied voltages from 1 to 8 V, and (b) with a square pattern at varied voltages from 10 to 50 V [42]. Reproduced from ref. [42] under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. (c) J–V curve for the solar cell using AgNW/PEDOT:PSS composites, the configuration of which is sketched in the inset [43]. Reproduced from ref. [43] under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
Inorganics 11 00409 g009
Table 1. Summary of various polymeric materials for AgNW electrodes.
Table 1. Summary of various polymeric materials for AgNW electrodes.
Polymeric MaterialsConductivityOptical TransmittanceMechanical StabilityChemical StabilityApplicationsRefs.
PU~50 Ω/sq~88%ExcellentExcellentTransparent electrode[33]
~8 Ω/sq~74.6%ExcellentN/ATouch panel[37]
PMMA~8 Ω/sq~85%ExcellentN/AThin film heater/SERS detector[38]
~16.1 Ω/sq~87%ExcellentExcellentQLED[39]
PVDF~8 Ω/sqN/AN/AExcellentThermal conduction[32]
~5 Ω/sq~73%ExcellentExcellentTouch sensor[40]
PANI~25 Ω/sq~83.5%N/AExcellentSolar cells[41]
~5300 S/cmN/AExcellentN/AEMI shielding[31]
PEDOT:PSS~2.3 Ω/sq~70.5%N/AExcellentThin film heater[42]
~12 Ω/sq~80%N/AN/ASolar cells[43]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ha, H.; Cheong, J.Y.; Yun, T.G.; Hwang, B. Polymeric Protection for Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Performance and Applications. Inorganics 2023, 11, 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100409

AMA Style

Ha H, Cheong JY, Yun TG, Hwang B. Polymeric Protection for Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Performance and Applications. Inorganics. 2023; 11(10):409. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100409

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ha, Heebo, Jun Young Cheong, Tae Gwang Yun, and Byungil Hwang. 2023. "Polymeric Protection for Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Performance and Applications" Inorganics 11, no. 10: 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100409

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop