Descriptive Study of Oral Health in an Indigenous Child Population of Baka Pygmies in Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Oral Health in Cameroon
1.2. The Baka Pygmies
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Sampling
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Data
3.2. Daily Diet and Oral Hygiene Habits
3.2.1. Daily Diet
3.2.2. Oral Hygiene Habits
3.3. Access to Oral Health Services
Dental Visits Received, Place of Visits, and Who Conducted Them
3.4. Interventions
3.5. Frequency of Dental Visits
3.6. Pathologies
3.6.1. Periodontal Status
3.6.2. Dental Caries
3.6.3. Other Oral Pathologies
4. Discussion
4.1. Sociodemographic Data
4.2. Diet
4.3. Oral Hygiene Habits
4.4. Access to Oral Health Services
4.5. Pathologies
4.5.1. Caries Prevalence and DMFT/dft
4.5.2. Periodontal Status
4.5.3. Other Pathologies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency | Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 51 | 57.88% |
Male | 69 | 42.51% | |
Age range | [5–6] | 106 | 88.38% |
[11–12] | 14 | 11.62% | |
Study level | CPC (Community Preschool Center) | 80 | 66.60% |
SIL (1st grade) | 17 | 14.40% | |
CP (2nd elementary) | 4 | 3.33% | |
CE1(3rd grade) | 5 | 4.18% | |
CE2 (4th grade) | 2 | 1.74% | |
Non-schooling | 12 | 9.75% |
Camp | Frequency | Percentage | Camp | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjap Mintom | 13 | 10.83% | Belleville | 5 | 4.17% |
Doum | 12 | 10.00% | Opkweng | 4 | 3.33% |
Mfem | 10 | 8.33% | Assock | 4 | 3.33% |
Akonetié | 9 | 7.50% | Meyos Mintom | 3 | 2.50% |
Akom | 8 | 6.67% | Ndibot | 3 | 2.50% |
Bemba2 | 8 | 6.67% | Bifilon | 3 | 2.50% |
Minkoo | 7 | 5.83% | Mebane3 | 3 | 1.67% |
Mveng | 7 | 5.83% | Niabibete | 3 | 1.67% |
Zoulabot | 7 | 5.83% | Mebane2 | 1 | 0.83% |
Miata | 6 | 5.00% | Mekas | - | - |
Alouma | 6 | 5.00% | Nkolasseck | - | - |
Age Range | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
[5–6] (n = 27)% | [11–12] (n = 10)% | (n = 37)% | |
Toothbrushing frequency | |||
3 times a day | (12) 44.4% | (3) 30% | (15) 40.5% |
Twice a day | (1) 3.7% | (4) 40% | (5) 13.5% |
Once a day | (4) 14.8% | (2) 20% | (6) 16.2% |
Sometimes | (10) 37.0% | (1) 10% | (11) 29.7% |
Toothbrushing technique | |||
Vertical | (1) 3.7% | - | (1) 2.7% |
Horizontal | (26) 96.2% | (10) 100% | (26) 97.29% |
Mixed | - | - | - |
Circular | - | - | - |
Instruments used | |||
Toothbrush | (27) 100% | (10) 100% | (37) 100% |
Coal | - | - | - |
Fingers | (1) 3.7% | (4) 40% | (5) 13.5% |
Sticks | - | - | |
Toothbrushing aids | |||
Dentifrice | (22) 81.48% | (10) 100% | (32) 91.4% |
Soap | (4) 14.8% | (4) 40% | (8) 21.6% |
Salt | (3) 11.1% | (4) 40% | (7) 19.0% |
Coal/ashes | (1) 3.7% | (2) 20% | (3) 8.1% |
Nothing | (21) 7.7% | (9) 90.0% | (30) 81.1 |
Frequency | Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|
Visits (n = 120) | Visits received | 17 | 13.7% |
No visits | 103 | 86.3% | |
Place of visits (n = 17) | School | 12 | 70.1% |
Camp | 7 | 43.2% | |
Hospital | - | - | |
Who conducted it? (n = 17) | NGO | 17 | 100% |
Dentists of public services | - | - |
Interventions | [5–6] (n = 14)% | [11–12] (n = 3)% | Females (n = 9)% | Males (n = 8)% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral hygiene training | (3) 23.6% | (1) 33.3% | (3) 33.33% | (1) 12.5% |
Tartrectomy | (1) 8.2% | - | (1) 11.11% | - |
Sealants, fluoridation | (7) 52.9% | (2) 67.5% | (3) 33.33% | (6) 75% |
Others (tooth extractions, etc.) | (3) 23.4% | - | (2) 22.22% | (1) 12.5% |
Age Range | Gender | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
[5–6] (n = 14)% | [11–12] (n = 3)% | Females (n = 9)% | Males (n = 8)% | |
Frequency of dental visits | ||||
Once | (5) 35.71% | (3) 100.0% | (6) 66.66% | (2) 25% |
More than twice | (9) 64.3% | - | (3) 33.33% | (6) 75% |
Date of last visit | ||||
More than 6 months | (1) 7.14% | - | (1) 11.11% | - |
More than one year | (9) 64.3% | (3) 100.0% | (8) 88.88% | (4)50% |
I do not know | (4) 28.57% | - | - | (4) 50% |
No Bleeding | Bleeding | Calculus | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age range | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | p value |
[5–6] | 13 | 12.26% | 93 | 87.74% | 28 | 26.4% | |
0.018 * | |||||||
[11–12] | 2 | 12 | 85.7% | 8 | 56.6% | ||
14.3% | |||||||
Females | 6 | 10.15% | 45 | 76.27% | 15 | 29.5% | |
Gender | 0.944 | ||||||
Males | 9 | 14.75% | 60 | 98.36% | 21 | 30.1% | |
TOTAL | 15/120 | 13% | 105/120 | 87% | 36/120 | 30% |
Gender | Age Range | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (n = 120)% | Males (n = 69)% | Females (n = 51)% | [5–6] (n = 106)% | [11–12] (n = 14)% | |
Illness | |||||
Wounds, scars | (1) 0.83% | (1) 2.2% | - | (1) 2.2% | - |
Noma | - | - | (1) 2.2% | (1) 1% | - |
Tumors | (4) 3.9% | (4) 3.9% | - | (2) 3.0% | (2) 14.28% |
Total | (5) 4.7% | (5) 7.2% | - | (3) 2.83% | (2) 14.28% |
Mucosal lesions | |||||
NG | (5) 4.16% | (3) 4.6% | (2) 4.1% | (4) 4.0% | (1) 7.1% |
Abscess | (4) 3.33% | (3) 4.6% | (1) 2.0% | (4) 3.5% | - |
Others (recessions) | (3) 2.5% | (3) 4.2% | - | (3) 2.8% | - |
Total | (12) 10% | (9) 13.2% | (3) 6.1% | (11) 10.3% | (1) 7.1% |
(75) 62.5% | (47) 67.1% | (28) 56.2% | (72) 67.7% | (3) 22% | |
Dental Mutilation | - | - | - | - | - |
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Poni, N.A.; Ribas-Pérez, D.; Flores-Fraile, J.; Hernández-Franch, P.V.; Rodríguez-Menacho, D.; Castaño-Séiquer, A. Descriptive Study of Oral Health in an Indigenous Child Population of Baka Pygmies in Cameroon. Dent. J. 2023, 11, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100237
Poni NA, Ribas-Pérez D, Flores-Fraile J, Hernández-Franch PV, Rodríguez-Menacho D, Castaño-Séiquer A. Descriptive Study of Oral Health in an Indigenous Child Population of Baka Pygmies in Cameroon. Dentistry Journal. 2023; 11(10):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100237
Chicago/Turabian StylePoni, Nicias Afoumpam, David Ribas-Pérez, Javier Flores-Fraile, Paloma Villalva Hernández-Franch, Diego Rodríguez-Menacho, and Antonio Castaño-Séiquer. 2023. "Descriptive Study of Oral Health in an Indigenous Child Population of Baka Pygmies in Cameroon" Dentistry Journal 11, no. 10: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100237