Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Associated with the Selection of Sweetened Ultra-Processed Foods and Their Importance in Oral Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population, and Sample
2.2. Characteristics and Validity of the Survey
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Knowledge of Nutritional Labelling and Its Importance in Oral Health
3.3. Attitudes towards Nutritional Labelling and Their Importance in Oral Health
3.4. Practices Associated with Nutritional Labelling and Their Importance in Oral Health
3.5. Factors Influencing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Associated with Nutritional Labelling and Its Importance in Oral Health
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire to Determine Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Associated with the Selection of Sweetened Ultra-Processed Foods and Their Importance in Oral Health
- What is your sex? Male/Female/Other
- What is your marital status? Single/Married/Common-Law Marriage/Divorced/Widowed/Separated
- What is the highest level of education you have achieved? None/Primary school (incomplete)/Primary school (complete)/High school (incomplete)/High school (complete)/One or more years of technical or technological education/One or more years of university/University (complete)/Graduate studies
- What is your main occupation? Student/Employed/Student and Employed/House chores/Unemployed/Disabled/Permanently disabled/Pensioned/Don’t know-No opinion
- What is your socioeconomic stratum? Stratum 0/Stratum 1/Stratum 3/Stratum 4/Stratum 5/Stratum 6
- What is your age?
- Where do you live permanently?
- Please write the total number of children aged 1–12 years that you are responsible for.
- 9.
- Do foods with high sugar content negatively affect the oral health of your child/children? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 10.
- *According to the World Health Organization and World dental Federation, what is the maximum sugar amount that can be consumed daily to reduce the occurrence of caries? 12.5 g a day (almost three teaspoons)/25 g a day (5 teaspoons)/50 g a day (5 teaspoons)/Don’t know-No opinion
- 11.
- *Are you familiar with the nutrition facts tables that are on the packages of some foods? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 12.
- *Do you believe it is important to read the nutrition facts tables before buying food? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 13.
- *Do you understand the information presented in the nutrition facts tables? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 14.
- *Do you read the nutrition facts tables on the packages of some foods? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 15.
- *How often do you read the nutrition facts tables on the packages of the products you find in the supermarket? Always/Sometimes/Rarely/Never/Don’t know-No opinion
- 16.
- *What is the main reason for you to read the nutrition facts table? I have a disease/To choose healthier products/Following a diet/To lose weight/Out of curiosity/Other
- 17.
- *Do you check the amount of sugar when you read the nutrition facts table? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 18.
- Do you believe that the sugar levels of the foods sold in supermarkets and shops are higher than the recommended ones? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 19.
- *Are you familiar with front-of-package warning labelling? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 20.
- *How much sugar should a solid food, such as biscuits, have in order for it to be considered high in sugar? Higher or equal to 5 g in 100 g (one teaspoon)/Higher or equal to 10 g in 100 g (two teaspoons)/Higher or equal to 20 g in 100 g (four teaspoons)/Don’t know-No opinion
- 21.
- *How much sugar should a drink, such as a soft drink, have in order to be considered high in sugar? Higher or equal to 5 g in 100 mL (one teaspoon)/Higher or equal to 10 g in 100 mL (two teaspoons)/Higher or equal to 20 g in 100 mL (four teaspoons)/Don’t know-No opinion
- 22.
- *Has your dentist provided you with recommendations on the maximum amount of sugar that your child should eat to reduce the risk of caries? Yes/No/Don’t know-No opinion
- 23.
- *The following figure shows the nutritional information of a dairy product. According to the following nutrition facts table, how many grams of sugar are consumed for every 100 g of food eaten? 26 g (almost five teaspoons of sugar)/17.4 g (almost five teaspoons of sugar)/5.6 g (almost five teaspoons of sugar)/Don’t know-No opinion
- 24.
- Please answer the following question based on the eating habits of the 1–12-year-old child that is under your responsibility. If there is more than one child of that age, please answer the question based on the youngest child’s habits.
- *Soft drinks, tea and soda (powder, carton or bottle, except for diet drinks)
- Energy drinks (such as Vive 100, Monster, Peak and Gatorade)
- *Juice packed in a carton, bottle or bag
- *Packages of sweet biscuits, cakes or sweet bread
- *Sugared cereal ready for breakfast (such as sugared cornflakes)
- Compote or baby food packed in cartons or bottles
- Fruit-flavoured yogurt
- *Other types of sweet yogurt (such as Greek yogurt and Kefir)
- *Sugared and flavoured milk
- *Sweets or candy (sweets, lollipop, chocolate, jelly gums and mints)
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Characteristic | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 20.5 (n = 61) |
Female | 79.5 (n = 237) |
Marital Status | |
Single | 41.6 (n = 124) |
Married or cohabitation | 54 (n = 161) |
Divorced/Widowed | 4.4 (n = 13) |
Education levels | |
Basic education | 2.3 (n = 7) |
Secondary-High school education | 40.6 (n = 121) |
Higher education | 57 (n = 170) |
Main occupation | |
Studying | 3.4 (n = 10) |
Working | 76.8 (n = 229) |
Homemaker | 16.4 (n = 49) |
Unemployed/pensioner | 3.4 (n = 10) |
Socioeconomic status | |
Lower | 50 (n = 149) |
Middle | 49 (n = 146) |
Upper | 1 (n = 3) |
Age group | |
18–28 | 37.2 (n = 111) |
29–59 | 59.1 (n = 176) |
>60 | 3.7 (n = 11) |
Number of children | |
1 to 2 | 91.9 (n = 274) |
3 to 4 | 6.4 (n = 19) |
5 or more | 1.7 (n = 5) |
Level by Dimension | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
Knowledge | |
Low (0–1 correct answers) | 37.9 (n = 113) |
Medium (2 correct answers) | 41.6 (n = 124) |
High (3–6 correct answers) | 20.5 (n = 61) |
Score [median (IQR)]: | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) |
Attitudes | |
Low (0 correct answers) | 22.5 (n = 67) |
Medium (1 correct answer) | 49.3 (n = 147) |
High (2 correct answers) | 28.2 (n = 84) |
Score [median (IQR)]: | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) |
Practices | |
Low (0–2 correct answers) | 43.3 (n = 129) |
Medium (3–4 correct answers) | 31.9 (n = 95) |
High (5–12 correct answers) | 24.8 (n = 74) |
Score [median (IQR)]: | 3.0 (2.0–4.25) |
Frequency | Sweet Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soft Drinks, Tea and Soda | Juice Packed in a Carton, Bottle or Bag | Energy Drinks | Sugared and Flavoured Milk | Fruit-Flavoured Yogurt | |
Percentage (%) | |||||
Never | 8.7 | 9.7 | 96.0 | 34.6 | 9.4 |
Rarely | 34.2 | 24.2 | 2.5 | 24.8 | 24.8 |
Once a month | 15.1 | 18.1 | 1.5 | 13.8 | 13.1 |
More than once a month | 23.5 | 22.8 | 0 | 16.4 | 25.2 |
One to three times a week | 10.4 | 13.4 | 0 | 5.0 | 18.8 |
Four to six times a week | 3.4 | 6.4 | 0 | 3.4 | 5.4 |
Once a day | 4.7 | 4.4 | 0 | 1.7 | 3.0 |
More than once a day | 0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Frequency | Sweet ultra-processed foods consumption | ||||
Soft drinks, tea and soda | Juice packed in a carton, bottle or bag | Energy drinks | Sugared and flavoured milk | Fruit-flavoured yogurt | |
Percentage (%) | |||||
Never | 78.9 | 1.0 | 33.6 | 3.0 | 76.5 |
Rarely | 11.0 | 8.6 | 28.9 | 16.4 | 7.0 |
Once a month | 4.4 | 12.8 | 9.1 | 6.4 | 5.4 |
More than once a month | 3.7 | 32.6 | 15.1 | 25.2 | 4.4 |
One to three times a week | 1.0 | 25.2 | 9.1 | 32.6 | 3.0 |
Four to six times a week | 0.7 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 7.4 | 2.0 |
Once a day | 0.3 | 10.4 | 1.0 | 7.7 | 0.7 |
More than once a day | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
Socio-Demographic Variables | Level by Dimension | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low Level | Medium Level | High Level | p-Values ¥ | |
Percentage (%) | ||||
Socioeconomic level | Knowledge | |||
Low | 23.8% | 18.8% | 7.4% | 0.002 ** |
Medium | 14.1% | 22.5% | 12.4% | |
High | 0% | 0.3% | 0.7% | |
Main occupation | Knowledge | |||
Student | 0.7% | 1% | 1.7% | 0.035 * |
Employed | 27.9% | 32.6% | 16.4% | |
House chores | 8.4% | 6.4% | 1.7% | |
Unemployed/ Pensioned | 1% | 1.7% | 0.7% | |
Educational level | Knowledge | |||
Basic education | 2.0% | 0.3% | 0% | <0.001 *** |
High school education | 22.1% | 15.8% | 2.7% | |
Higher education | 13.8% | 25.5% | 17.8% | |
Sex | Attitudes | |||
Male | 2.7% | 13.1% | 4.7% | 0.027 * |
Female | 19.9% | 36% | 23.6% | |
Socioeconomic level | Attitudes | |||
Low | 14.4 | 8.1 | 0 | 0.025 * |
Medium | 22.8 | 25.8 | 0.7 | |
High | 12.8 | 15.1 | 0.3 | |
Educational level | Attitudes | |||
Basic education | 1.7% | 0.7% | 0% | <0.001 *** |
High school education | 12.8% | 19.1% | 8.7% | |
Higher education | 8.1% | 29.5% | 19.5% | |
Socioeconomic level | Practices | |||
Low | 24.5 | 15.8 | 9.7 | 0.018 * |
Medium | 18.5 | 15.8 | 14.8 | |
High | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Educational level | Practices | |||
Basic education | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | <0.001 *** |
High school education | 22.1% | 13.4% | 5.0% | |
Higher education | 19.5% | 18.1% | 19.5% |
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Angarita-Díaz, M.d.P.; Colmenares-Pedraza, J.A.; Agudelo-Sanchez, V.; Mora-Quila, J.A.; Rincón-Mejia, L.S. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Associated with the Selection of Sweetened Ultra-Processed Foods and Their Importance in Oral Health. Dent. J. 2024, 12, 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080268
Angarita-Díaz MdP, Colmenares-Pedraza JA, Agudelo-Sanchez V, Mora-Quila JA, Rincón-Mejia LS. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Associated with the Selection of Sweetened Ultra-Processed Foods and Their Importance in Oral Health. Dentistry Journal. 2024; 12(8):268. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080268
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngarita-Díaz, María del Pilar, Johao Alexander Colmenares-Pedraza, Valentina Agudelo-Sanchez, Juliana Alejandra Mora-Quila, and Laura Sofia Rincón-Mejia. 2024. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Associated with the Selection of Sweetened Ultra-Processed Foods and Their Importance in Oral Health" Dentistry Journal 12, no. 8: 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080268