Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Ration Consumption
2.2.1. Ration Consumption in Rural Areas
2.2.2. Ration Consumption in Urban Areas
2.3. Feed Grain Consumption
2.3.1. Feed Grain Consumption in Rural Areas
2.3.2. Feed Grain Consumption in Urban Areas
2.4. Seed Grain Consumption
2.5. Grain Loss
2.6. Total Grain Consumption
2.7. Total Grain Yield
2.8. Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Grain Yield and Consumption
2.8.1. Analysis of the Direction of Ration and Feed Grain Yield and Consumption
2.8.2. Hot-Spot Analysis in Ration and Feed Grain Consumption
2.9. Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Grain Supply and Demand
2.9.1. Grain Surplus and Deficit
2.9.2. Division of Grain Supply and Consumption
2.10. Determinants of Grain Supply and Demand Pattern
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Grain Production in China
3.1.1. Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Total Grain Yield
3.1.2. Temporal and Spatial Evolution Pattern of Regional Grain Yield
3.2. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Grain Consumption
3.2.1. Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Grain Consumption Structure
3.2.2. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Total Grain Consumption and Grain Consumed in Feed Grain
3.2.3. Spatial and Temporal Differences of Ration and Feed Grain Consumption between Urban and Rural Areas
3.3. Grain Supply and Demand Patterns
3.3.1. Patterns of Total Grain Supply and Demand
3.3.2. Self-Sufficiency Patterns of Feed Grain
3.4. Factors Controlling Patterns of Grain Self-Sufficiency
4. Discussion
4.1. Grain Production in China
4.1.1. Arable Land
4.1.2. Water Resources
4.1.3. Income from Grain Planting
4.1.4. Aging Population and Rural Population to Towns
4.1.5. Global Warming
4.1.6. Agricultural Management and Investment
4.2. Grain Consumption Patterns in China
4.3. Policy Implications
4.3.1. Food Consumption Structure and Dietary Behavior Guidance
4.3.2. Regional Coordinated Development of Grain Consumption
4.3.3. Optimization of the Layout of Grain Production
4.3.4. Countermeasures of Adapting Agricultural Production to Climate Change in China
4.4. Limitations and Directions for Future Work
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rice | Wheat | Corn | Tubers | Bean Meal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pig feed | 15.77 | 6.7 | 43.57 | 15 | 15 |
Beef cattle feed | 0 | 5.00 | 26.25 | 0 | 0 |
Sheep feed | 0 | 5.00 | 26.25 | 0 | 0 |
Cow feed | 0 | 0.7 | 31.40 | 0 | 0 |
Poultry feed for egg | 6.20 | 2.7 | 40.40 | 0 | 20 |
Poultry feed for meat | 2.32 | 2.33 | 50.82 | 0 | 20 |
Aquatic product feed | 0 | 7.08 | 23.39 | 0 | 10 |
Factor | Variable | |
---|---|---|
Grain yield | Resource endowment | Grain sown area |
Irrigation and water conservancy | Effective irrigation area | |
Agricultural material input | Fertilizer consumption | |
Agricultural mechanization level | Total power of agricultural machinery | |
Grain consumption | Urbanization level | Proportion of urban population |
Dietary differences | Dietary differences between the north and the south | |
Living standard of residents | Per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents | |
Per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents |
Year | Grain | Rice | Wheat | Corn | Tubers | Beans |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 408 | 181 | 99 | 87 | 29 | 11 |
1999 | 508 | 199 | 127 | 139 | 38 | 20 |
2009 | 531 | 196 | 127 | 179 | 31 | 20 |
2019 | 664 | 210 | 148 | 281 | 30 | 22 |
Grain | Rice | Corn | Wheat | Tubers | Beans | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 0.285 | 0.289 | 0.500 | 0.292 | 0.315 | 0.599 |
1999 | 0.363 | 0.440 | 0.500 | 0.298 | 0.275 | 0.551 |
2009 | 0.367 | 0.524 | 0.480 | 0.448 | 0.259 | 0.564 |
2019 | 0.400 | 0.588 | 0.458 | 0.486 | 0.270 | 0.627 |
Year | Ration | Proportion | Feed Grain | Proportion | Seed Grain | Proportion | Grain Loss | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 254 | 80% | 36 | 11% | 9 | 3% | 19 | 6% |
1999 | 238 | 71% | 53 | 17% | 149 | 5% | 25 | 7% |
2009 | 181 | 63% | 67 | 24% | 12 | 4% | 26 | 9% |
2019 | 180 | 55% | 103 | 31% | 12 | 4% | 33 | 10% |
Grain | Rice | Corn | Wheat | Tubers | Beans | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 0.293 | 0.291 | 0.293 | 0.287 | 0.284 | 0.297 |
1999 | 0.294 | 0.284 | 0.295 | 0.283 | 0.266 | 0.303 |
2009 | 0.277 | 0.275 | 0.280 | 0.272 | 0.264 | 0.276 |
2019 | 0.303 | 0.328 | 0.292 | 0.299 | 0.328 | 0.319 |
Year | A | B | C | D | E | G | H | I |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 0.260 | 0.240 | 0.262 | 0.152 | 0.248 | 0.081 | 0.204 | 0.145 |
1999 | 0.334 | 0.233 | 0.240 | 0.205 | 0.171 | 0.119 | 0.243 | 0.371 |
2009 | 0.321 | 0.475 | 0.269 | 0.430 | 0.272 | 0.144 | 0.383 | 0.333 |
2019 | 0.306 | 0.485 | 0.305 | 0.251 | 0.331 | 0.214 | 0.309 | 0.286 |
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Niu, Y.; Xie, G.; Xiao, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, Y.; Luo, Q.; Zou, H.; Gan, S.; Qin, K.; Huang, M. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China. Foods 2021, 10, 747. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040747
Niu Y, Xie G, Xiao Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Luo Q, Zou H, Gan S, Qin K, Huang M. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China. Foods. 2021; 10(4):747. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040747
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiu, Yingnan, Gaodi Xie, Yu Xiao, Jingya Liu, Yangyang Wang, Qi Luo, Huixia Zou, Shuang Gan, Keyu Qin, and Mengdong Huang. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Patterns and Determinants of Grain Self-Sufficiency in China" Foods 10, no. 4: 747. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040747