The Feasibility of Using Pulsed-Vacuum in Stimulating Calcium-Alginate Hydrogel Balls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Formation of Alginate Balls
2.3. Preparation of Calcium-Alginate Hydrogel Balls
2.4. Pulsed-Vacuum Stimulation Process
2.5. Determination of Weight Loss
2.6. Determination of Diffusion Coefficient of Calcium Ion
2.7. Volume Shrinkage Measurement
2.8. Textural Analysis
2.9. Image Acquisition
2.10. Characterization of Hydrogel Structure
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Diffusion Coefficients of Calcium Ion
3.2. Weight Reduction and Shrinkage
3.3. Textural Characteristics
3.4. Microstructural Characteristics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Pressure (kPa) | Time (Cycle 1) | D (×10−4 cm2/s) | R2 2 | Rate of WR (mg/s) | Rate of Sv (mm3/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 101 | 1 | 3.47 ± 0.38 cA | 0.993 | 0.43 ± 0.09 bAB | 0.37 ± 0.08 bA |
2 | 0.51 ± 0.39 bA | 0.977 | 0.36 ± 0.06 bB | 0.32 ± 0.03 bB | ||
3 | 0.26 ± 0.44 aB | 0.970 | 0.16 ± 0.07 aA | 0.12 ± 0.06 aB | ||
PVS | 61 | 1 | 9.14 ± 1.73 cC | 0.980 | 0.48 ± 0.06 bAB | 0.38 ± 0.03 bA |
2 | 0.83 ± 0.50 bB | 0.990 | 0.20 ± 0.07 aA | 0.31 ± 0.01 bB | ||
3 | 0.49 ± 0.82 aC | 0.957 | 0.07 ± 0.12 aA | 0.00 ± 0.06 aA | ||
35 | 1 | 5.17 ± 1.15 cB | 0.991 | 0.38 ± 0.05 bA | 0.31 ± 0.03 bA | |
2 | 1.86 ± 0.87 bC | 0.984 | 0.29 ± 0.04 bAB | 0.30 ± 0.04 bB | ||
3 | 0.03 ± 0.03 aA | 0.975 | 0.12 ± 0.08 aA | 0.08 ± 0.04 aB | ||
8 | 1 | 5.01 ± 0.95 cB | 0.964 | 0.54 ± 0.10 bB | 0.49 ± 0.05 cB | |
2 | 2.75 ± 1.47 bD | 0.952 | 0.18 ± 0.07 aA | 0.22 ± 0.04 aA | ||
3 | 0.00 ± 0.00 aA | 0.976 | 0.39 ± 0.11 bB | 0.37 ± 0.05 bC |
Treatment | Pressure (kPa) | a | b | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 101 | 1.158 * | −3.192 | 0.988 |
PVS | 61 | 0.861 * | 3.651 | 0.967 |
35 | 0.813 * | 5.993 | 0.914 | |
8 | 0.851 * | 5.024 | 0.975 |
Treatment | Pressure (kPa) | Hardness (N) | Breaking Deformation (%) | Young’s Modulus (kPa) | Rupture Strength (N) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 101 | 36.1 ± 2.3 a | 58.1 ± 0.3 a | 66.2 ± 2.7 a | 7.4 ± 0.6 ab |
PVS | 61 | 51.0 ± 1.7 c | 63.0 ± 0.9 c | 95.0 ± 2.3 c | 7.0 ± 0.4 a |
35 | 42.2 ± 2.1 b | 60.3 ± 1.1 b | 69.6 ± 6.4 b | 7.1 ± 0.5 a | |
8 | 64.5 ± 5.5 d | 66.9 ± 0.6 d | 142.7 ± 7.9 d | 8.2 ± 0.2 b |
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Jinnoros, J.; Innawong, B.; Udomkun, P.; Parakulsuksatid, P.; Silva, J.L. The Feasibility of Using Pulsed-Vacuum in Stimulating Calcium-Alginate Hydrogel Balls. Foods 2021, 10, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071521
Jinnoros J, Innawong B, Udomkun P, Parakulsuksatid P, Silva JL. The Feasibility of Using Pulsed-Vacuum in Stimulating Calcium-Alginate Hydrogel Balls. Foods. 2021; 10(7):1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071521
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinnoros, Janjira, Bhundit Innawong, Patchimaporn Udomkun, Pramuk Parakulsuksatid, and Juan L. Silva. 2021. "The Feasibility of Using Pulsed-Vacuum in Stimulating Calcium-Alginate Hydrogel Balls" Foods 10, no. 7: 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071521