Pesticide Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment in Celery after Se Nanoparticles Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Field Trials and Sample Collection
2.3. Method Validation
2.4. Extraction and Purification
2.5. LC-MS/MS Conditions
2.6. GC-MS/MS Conditions
2.7. Dissipation Kinetics of Pesticides
2.8. Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Method Validation
3.2. Residue Levels in Celery
3.3. Dissipation Dynamics of Pesticide Residues in Celery
3.4. Dissipation Dynamics of Five Pesticide Residues in Celery by Se Nanoparticles
3.5. Dietary Intake Risk Assessment for Celery
3.5.1. Chronic Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment for Celery
3.5.2. Acute Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment for Celery
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time (min) | Flow Velocity (mL/min) | Phase A: Methanol (%) | Phase B: Water (5 mmol/L Ammonium Acetate + 0.1% Formic Acid) (%) |
---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 0.2 | 5 | 95 |
3.0 | 0.2 | 5 | 95 |
7.0 | 0.2 | 95 | 5 |
16.0 | 0.2 | 95 | 5 |
18.0 | 0.2 | 5 | 95 |
20.0 | 0.2 | 5 | 95 |
Pesticide | Linear Range (mg·kg−1) | Correlation Coefficient (R2) | LOQ (mg·kg−1) | Recovery (%) ± RSDs (%), Spiked Level (mg·kg−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||||
Clothianidin | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9943 | 0.01 | 72.0 ± 1.7 | 80.0 ± 2.2 | 74.1 ± 3.0 |
Imidacloprid | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9982 | 0.01 | 101.0 ± 4.8 | 101.2 ± 3.8 | 97.4 ± 3.6 |
Abamectin | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9975 | 0.01 | 66.3 ± 3.3 | 65.5 ± 2.2 | 69.8 ± 2.4 |
Chlorantraniliprole | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9983 | 0.01 | 94.1 ± 3.0 | 115.8 ± 3.5 | 112.7 ± 2.8 |
Thiamethoxam | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9921 | 0.01 | 105.2 ± 3.2 | 97.1 ± 4.0 | 93.6 ± 4.5 |
Lamda-cyhalothrin | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9954 | 0.01 | 102.4 ± 6.2 | 92.3 ± 8.2 | 105.1 ± 5.6 |
Acetamiprid | 0.01–5.0 | 0.9961 | 0.01 | 80.2 ± 9.2 | 88.6 ± 10.1 | 90.3 ± 8.5 |
Pesticide | Linear Range (mg·kg−1) | Correlation Coefficient (R2) | LOQ (mg·kg−1) | Recovery (%) ± RSDs (%), Spiked Level (mg·kg−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||||
Clothianidin | 0.01–10.0 | 0.9965 | 0.01 | 79.2 ± 3.4 | 83.1 ± 4.6 | 82.0 ± 5.2 |
Imidacloprid | 0.01–10.0 | 0.9959 | 0.01 | 85.2 ± 6.2 | 91.6 ± 2.9 | 106.2 ± 4.3 |
Abamectin | 0.01–10.0 | 0.9982 | 0.01 | 68.1 ± 2.9 | 69.7 ± 3.0 | 70.2 ± 3.8 |
Dose | Pesticide | PHI (Days) (mg·kg−1) | MRL (mg·kg−1) | Recommended PHI (Days) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 21 | 28 | 50 | 60 | 77 | China | CAC | EU | |||
Recommended dose | Clothianidin (GR) | 0.06 ± 0.00 b | 0.014 ± 0.00 b | <LOQ | <LOQ | - | - | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 10 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.11 ± 0.00 a | 0.032 ± 0.01 a | 0.014 ± 0.00 | 0.013 ± 0.00 | - | - | 22 | ||||
Recommended dose | Imidacloprid (GR) | <LOQ | 0.024 ± 0.00 b | 2.81 ± 0.12 b | - | 0.86 ± 0.06 b | 0.4 ± 0.01 a | 5 | 6 | 0.5 | 14 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.029 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 4.06 ± 0.21 a | - | 1.9 ± 0.03 a | 0.25 ± 0.06 b | 31 | ||||
Recommended dose | Abamectin (GR) | 0.021 ± 0.00 a | 0.016 ± 0.00 b | 0.013 ± 0.00 b | - | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 9 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.021 ± 0.00 a | 0.033 ± 0.00 a | 0.024 ± 0.00 a | - | <LOQ | <LOQ | 9 | ||||
Dose | Pesticide | PHI (Days) (mg·kg−1) | MRL (mg·kg−1) | Recommended PHI (Days) | |||||||
2 h | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 14 | China | CAC | EU | |||
Recommended dose | Chlorantraniliprole (SC) | 2.70 ± 0.08 b | 2.64 ± 0.11 b | 2.28 ± 0.09 b | 2.58 ± 0.21 b | 2.43 ± 0.07 b | 1.78 ± 0.00 a | 7 * | 7 | 0.06 | 31 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 4.96 ± 0.26 a | 3.99 ± 0.17 a | 3.70 ± 0.25 a | 3.48 ± 0.07 a | 2.80 ± 0.04 a | 1.85 ± 0.08 a | (7) 31 |
Treatment | Pesticide | PHI (Days) (mg·kg−1) | MRL (mg·kg−1) | Recommended PHI (Days) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 h | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 14 | China | CAC | EU | |||
Control | Thiamethoxam (SC) | 0.101 ± 0.01 b | 0.084 ± 0.01 a | 0.044 ± 0.01 a | 0.020 ± 0.00 a | 0.011 ± 0.00 | <LOQ | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | 7 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.131 ± 0.01 a | 0.073 ± 0.01 a | 0.037 ± 0.00 a | 0.017 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | <LOQ | 7 | ||||
Control | Abamectin (EC) | 0.219 ± 0.04 b | 0.139 ± 0.02 a | 0.025 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.351 ± 0.03 a | 0.166 ± 0.02 a | 0.014 ± 0.00 a | 0.011 ± 0.00 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 3 | ||||
Control | Imidacloprid (SC) | 4.446 ± 0.30 a | 2.565 ± 0.26 a | 1.263 ± 0.08 a | 0.338 ± 0.03 a | 0.301 ± 0.03 a | 0.034 ± 0.01 a | 5 | 6 | 0.5 | 2 |
Se nanoparticles | 4.613 ± 0.07 a | 2.154 ± 0.11 b | 0.803 ± 0.06 b | 0.529 ± 0.01 a | 0.281 ± 0.01 a | 0.030 ± 0.01 a | 2 | ||||
Control | Lambda-cyhalothrin (SC) | 0.687 ± 0.03 a | 0.585 ± 0.01 a | 0.601 ± 0.02 a | 0.151 ± 0.03 a | 0.175 ± 0.03 a | 0.118 ± 0.03 a | 0.5 | / | 0.07 | 2 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.709 ± 0.06 a | 0.621 ± 0.07 a | 0.578 ± 0.02 a | 0.196 ± 0.02 a | 0.191 ± 0.05 a | 0.035 ± 0.02 b | 3 | ||||
Control | Acetamiprid (WDG) | 0.042 ± 0.00 a | 0.031 ± 0.01 b | 0.013 ± 0.00 b | 0.016 ± 0.00 a | 0.011 ± 0.00 b | <LOQ | 3 | 1.5 | 0.01 | 1 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.040 ± 0.00 a | 0.039 ± 0.01 a | 0.023 ± 0.01 a | 0.017 ± 0.00 a | 0.024 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | 1 |
Pesticide | Sample Type | Dosage | Initial Residue (mg·kg−1) | Final Residue (mg·kg−1) | Dissipation Kinetics | Correlation Coefficient (R) | Half-Life (Day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clothianidin (GR) | Celery | Recommended dose | 0.060 ± 0.00 b | <LOQ | Ct = 0.059 × 10−0.04t | 0.78 | 16.9 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.108 ± 0.00 a | 0.013 ± 0.00 | Ct = 0.119 × 10−0.05t | 0.81 | 15.8 | ||
Soil | Recommended dose | 0.705 ± 0.10 b | 0.015 ± 0.00 a | Ct = 3.632 × 10−0.11t | 0.96 | 21.2 | |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 1.238 ± 0.22 a | 0.012 ± 0.00 a | Ct = 5.636 × 10−0.13t | 0.86 | 17 | ||
Imidacloprid (GR) | Celery | Recommended dose | <LOQ | 0.404 ± 0.01 a | Ct = 8.619 × 10−0.04t | 0.99 | 46.5 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.029 ± 0.00 | 0.246 ± 0.06 b | Ct = 22.670 × 10−0.05t | 0.91 | 45.5 | ||
Soil | Recommended dose | 0.083 ± 0.01 a | 0.423 ± 0.03 b | Ct = 23.988 × 10−0.07t | 0.99 | 37.9 | |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.154 ± 0.05 a | 1.991 ± 0.11 a | Ct = 75.784 × 10−0.07t | 0.98 | 40.3 | ||
Abamectin (GR) | Celery | Recommended dose | 0.021 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | Ct = 0.035 × 10−0.04t | 0.99 | 33.1 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.021 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | Ct = 0.041 × 10−0.02t | 0.97 | 39.8 | ||
Soil | Recommended dose | 0.141 ± 0.01 b | 0.163 ± 0.01 b | Ct = 1.907 × 10−0.03t | 0.94 | 55.9 | |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.279 ± 0.02a | 1.389 ± 0.08 a | Ct= 3.611 × 10−0.02t | 0.99 | 70.3 | ||
Chlorantraniliprole (SC) | Celery | Recommended dose | 2.701 ± 0.08b | 1.784 ± 0.00 a | Ct= 2.766 × 10−0.03t | 0.98 | - |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 4.958 ± 0.26a | 1.847 ± 0.08 a | Ct= 4.614 × 10−0.07t | 0.97 | - |
Pesticide | Treatment | Initial Residue (mg·kg−1) | Final Residue (mg·kg−1) | Dissipation Kinetics | Correlation Coefficient (R) | Half-Life (Day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thiamethoxam (SC) | Control | 0.101 ± 0.01 b | <LOQ | Ct = 0.109 × 10−0.32t | 0.99 | 2.4 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.131 ± 0.01 a | <LOQ | Ct = 0.103 × 10−0.33t | 0.99 | 1.4 | |
Abamectin (EC) | Control | 0.219 ± 0.04 b | <LOQ | Ct = 0.093 × 10−0.34t | 0.86 | 0.5 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.351 ± 0.03 a | <LOQ | Ct = 0.198 × 10−0.52t | 0.98 | 0.2 | |
Imidacloprid (SC) | Control | 4.446 ± 0.30 a | 0.034 ± 0.01 a | Ct = 3.365 × 10−0.34t | 0.98 | 1.2 |
Se nanoparticles | 4.613 ± 0.07 a | 0.030 ± 0.01 a | Ct = 3.158 × 10−0.34t | 0.99 | 0.9 | |
Lambda-cyhalothrin (SC) | Control | 0.687 ± 0.03 a | 0.118 ± 0.03 a | Ct = 0.595 × 10−0.13t | 0.86 | 4.2 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.709 ± 0.06 a | 0.035 ± 0.02 b | Ct = 0.797 × 10−0.22t | 0.98 | 3.7 | |
Acetamiprid (WDG) | Control | 0.042 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | Ct = 0.036 × 10−0.19t | 0.97 | 2.9 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.040 ± 0.00 a | <LOQ | Ct = 0.042 × 10−0.14t | 0.95 | 5.3 |
Pesticide | Treatment | STMR (mg·kg−1) | ADI (mg·kg−1 bw) | ARfD (mg·kg−1 bw) | RQ c% | RQ a% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clothianidin (GR) | Recommended dose | 0.010 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 9.85 | 1.64 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.021 | 9.86 | 1.64 | |||
Imidacloprid (GR) | Recommended dose | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.4 | 22.83 | 3.34 |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.23 | 22.42 | 3.42 | |||
Abamectin (GR) | Recommended dose | 0.016 | 0.001 | - | 116.47 | - |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 0.024 | 117.63 | - | |||
Chlorantraniliprole (SC) | Recommended dose | 2.46 | 2 | - | 3.83 | - |
1.5-fold recommended dose | 3.52 | 3.90 | - |
Pesticide | Treatment | STMR (mg·kg−1) | ADI (mg·kg−1 bw) | ARfD (mg·kg−1 bw) | RQ c% | RQ a% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thiamethoxam (SC) | Control | 0.046 | 0.08 | 1.0 | 7.61 | 0.61 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.050 | 7.62 | 0.61 | |||
Abamectin (EC) | Control | 0.13 | 0.001 | - | 133.03 | - |
Se nanoparticles | 0.08 | 125.77 | - | |||
Imidacloprid (SC) | Control | 0.78 | 0.06 | 0.4 | 23.75 | 3.56 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.64 | 23.41 | 3.51 | |||
Lambda-cyhalothrin (SC) | Control | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 63.30 | 63.30 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.40 | 64.90 | 64.90 | |||
Acetamiprid (WDG) | Control | 0.016 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 32.48 | 22.74 |
Se nanoparticles | 0.028 | 32.51 | 22.76 |
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Kang, L.; Liu, H.; Zhao, D.; Pan, C.; Wang, C. Pesticide Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment in Celery after Se Nanoparticles Application. Foods 2021, 10, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10091987
Kang L, Liu H, Zhao D, Pan C, Wang C. Pesticide Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment in Celery after Se Nanoparticles Application. Foods. 2021; 10(9):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10091987
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Lu, Hejiang Liu, Duoyong Zhao, Canping Pan, and Cheng Wang. 2021. "Pesticide Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment in Celery after Se Nanoparticles Application" Foods 10, no. 9: 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10091987