Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change Consumers’ Food Consumption and Willingness-to-Pay? The Case of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
3. Survey and Data
4. Empirical Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Scenario | BL | BO | BH |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 5% | 15% | 30% |
2 | 15% | 30% | 60% |
3 | 30% | 60% | 120% |
4 | 50% | 100% | 200% |
5 | 75% | 150% | 300% |
Variable | Description | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | =1 if female; =0 otherwise | 0.56 * | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
Age | Age, in years | 34.09 | 8.19 | 19 | 74 |
Eduhs | =1 if high school or lower education; =0 otherwise | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 |
Eduass | =1 if with an associate degree/some college; =0 otherwise | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
Eduba | =1 if having a bachelor’s degree; =0 otherwise | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 |
Hhnum | Number of people in the household | 3.53 | 0.98 | 1 | 11 |
Children | number of children | 0.89 | 0.62 | 0 | 3 |
foodfreq_b | Number of purchases of fresh food before Covid-19 over a two-month period | 24.34 | 14.78 | 1 | 60 |
foodfreq_d | Number of purchases of fresh food during Covid-19 over a two-month period | 11.77 | 8.36 | 1 | 60 |
foodexp_a | Per capita weekly expenditure of fresh food during Covid-19 (yuan) | 137.48 | 101.32 | 8.33 | 1250 |
Foodpriceup | =1 perceive the price of food increases; =0 otherwise | 0.87 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
foodprice down | =1 perceive the price of food decreases; =0 otherwise | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0 | 1 |
foodsupplyc | =1 perceive sufficient food supply; =0 otherwise | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 |
foodsupplyb | =1 perceive significantly short of food supply; =0 otherwise | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 |
Relocate | =1 relocate to the city within a year; =0 otherwise | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0 | 1 |
Pred | Anticipating Covid-19 duration (days) | 60.13 | 36.71 | 7 | 150 |
Ffinfect | =1 if family or close friends infected with Covid-19; =0 otherwise | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0 | 1 |
Ffmed | =1 if family or friends have health care workers or other frontline positions at risk; =0 otherwise | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
Hhinc | annual household income(10,000 ten thousand) | 22.78 | 12.87 | 2.5 | 60 |
Beijing | =1 if from Beijing; =0 otherwise | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
Wuhan | =1 if from Wuhan; =0 otherwise | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
Vegonline_b | online vegetable purchase as a percentage of all vegetable purchases before Covid-19 | 30.65 | 23.86 | 0 | 100 |
Vegonline_d | online vegetable purchase as a percentage of all vegetable purchases during Covid-19 | 48.96 | 30.49 | 0 | 100 |
Meatonline_b | online meat purchases as a percentage of all meat purchases before Covid-19 | 29.74 | 24.38 | 0 | 100 |
Meatonline_d | online meat purchases as a percentage of all meat purchases during Covid-19 | 44.60 | 30.82 | 0 | 100 |
Variable | Vegetable | Meat | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Ln(Pred) | 30.06 *** | 30.56 *** | 11.35 *** | 10.77 ** |
(5.06) | (5.08) | (4.21) | (4.24) | |
Ffinfect | 44.56 *** | 49.77 *** | 43.22 *** | 52.57 *** |
(14.15) | (14.05) | (11.84) | (11.81) | |
foodfreq_b | 0.83 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.43 ** | 0.55 *** |
(0.25) | (0.25) | (0.21) | (0.21) | |
foodfreq_d | −0.33 | −0.28 | −0.11 | −0.18 |
(1.05) | (1.04) | (0.90) | (0.89) | |
Female | −13.86 ** | −13.35 * | −10.92 * | −10.32 * |
(6.96) | (7.02) | (5.79) | (5.86) | |
Hhinc | 0.56 * | 0.53 | 0.61 ** | 0.61 ** |
(0.33) | (0.34) | (0.28) | (0.28) | |
Relocate | 44.37 *** | 48.20 *** | 27.32 *** | 33.46 *** |
(12.67) | (12.52) | (10.45) | (10.28) | |
Children | 9.99 | 9.74 | 12.87 ** | 13.58 ** |
(6.46) | (6.50) | (5.43) | (5.48) | |
Eduhs | −9.80 | −14.45 | −8.19 | −14.50 |
(20.65) | (20.68) | (17.13) | (17.29) | |
Eduass | −9.16 | −13.38 | −12.89 | −16.10 |
(16.68) | (16.61) | (13.92) | (13.99) | |
Eduba | −9.95 | −11.60 | −15.89 | −17.24 |
(14.50) | (14.52) | (12.10) | (12.22) | |
Ffmed | −4.97 | −2.93 | 7.10 | 10.14 |
(8.09) | (8.00) | (6.72) | (6.70) | |
foodexp_a | 0.20 *** | 0.210 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.19 *** |
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
online_b | 0.47 *** | 0.30 ** | ||
(0.16) | (0.13) | |||
online_d | 0.12 | 0.42 *** | ||
(0.12) | (0.10) | |||
foodprice_up | −16.73 | −12.94 | 8.54 | 14.84 |
(11.37) | (11.31) | (9.24) | (9.21) | |
foodprice_down | −20.97 | −6.56 | 1.41 | 9.21 |
(31.46) | (31.41) | (26.08) | (26.09) | |
foodsupplyc | −7.95 | −5.42 | ||
(8.31) | (6.95) | |||
foodsupplyb | 18.49 | 17.86 * | ||
(12.08) | (10.05) | |||
Age | 0.14 | 0.02 | −0.59 | −0.70 * |
(0.46) | (0.46) | (0.38) | (0.38) | |
Hhnum | 0.90 | 0.49 | 2.89 | 2.65 |
(4.24) | (4.26) | (3.53) | (3.56) | |
Beijing | 20.62 ** | 23.79 *** | 12.71 * | 17.69 ** |
(9.08) | (9.07) | (7.56) | (7.58) | |
Wuhan | 8.23 | 9.16 | −5.65 | −3.38 |
(9.06) | (8.92) | (7.55) | (7.48) | |
Constant | −79.95 ** | −60.64 * | −29.39 | −8.518 |
(37.07) | (35.67) | (30.29) | (29.66) | |
Σ | 103.1 *** | 104.1 *** | 87.68 *** | 88.97 *** |
(3.30) | (3.33) | (2.69) | (2.74) | |
Log likelihood | −1699.31 | −1706.64 | −1776.57 | −1791.34 |
Variable | Mean | Std.Dev | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetable | 200.42 | 44.89 | 0 | 404.97 |
Meat | 141.48 | 39.63 | 39.71 | 326.04 |
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Yue, W.; Liu, N.; Zheng, Q.; Wang, H.H. Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change Consumers’ Food Consumption and Willingness-to-Pay? The Case of China. Foods 2021, 10, 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092156
Yue W, Liu N, Zheng Q, Wang HH. Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change Consumers’ Food Consumption and Willingness-to-Pay? The Case of China. Foods. 2021; 10(9):2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092156
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Wei, Na Liu, Qiujie Zheng, and H. Holly Wang. 2021. "Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change Consumers’ Food Consumption and Willingness-to-Pay? The Case of China" Foods 10, no. 9: 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092156