Effect of a Sub-Chronic Oral Exposure of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Italica) By-Products Flour on the Physiological Parameters of FVB/N Mice: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Diet Preparation
2.3. Animals and Experimental Design
2.4. Comet Assay
2.5. Haematology
2.6. Histology
2.7. Liver and Kidney Oxidative Stress
2.8. Quantification of Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Their Metabolites
2.9. UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Findings
3.2. Comet Assay
3.3. Haematology
3.4. Organs and Adipose Tissue Weight
3.5. Liver and Kidney Histology
3.6. Liver and Kidney Oxidative Stress
3.7. Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, and Metabolic Derivatives in Urine and Plasma
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CTR | 6.7% BF | |
---|---|---|
Microhematocrit (%) | 43.21 ± 0.65 | 40.04 ± 0.55 ** |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 335.60 ± 26.78 | 329.50 ± 42.27 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.20 ± 9.74 | 169.70 ± 40.68 |
Total Proteins (g/L) | 45.06 ± 1.94 | 41.32 ± 4.16 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.36 ± 0.15 |
AST (U/L) | 115.30 ± 23.39 | 97.66 ± 26.64 |
ALT (U/L) | 29.00 ± 3.31 | 31.52 ± 5.89 |
Organs | CTR | 6.7% BF |
---|---|---|
Thymus | 1.13 ± 0.16 | 0.90 ± 0.26 |
Heart | 4.45 ± 0.16 | 4.75 ± 0.44 |
Spleen | 3.00 ± 0.14 | 3.60 ± 0.19 * |
Lungs | 6.83 ± 0.39 | 6.05 ± 0.48 |
Right Kidney | 8.60 ± 0.21 | 7.78 ± 0.22 * |
Left Kidney | 7.61 ± 0.24 | 7.32 ± 0.27 |
Liver | 45.75 ± 3.23 | 49.81 ± 1.03 |
Perirenal adipose tissue | 5.82 ± 0.69 | 3.29 ± 0.62 * |
Abdominal adipose tissue | 17.16 ± 2.95 | 12.89 ± 2.57 |
Liver | Kidney | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidative Stress Parameters | CTR | 6.7% BF | CTR | 6.7% BF |
ROS(µmol DCF mg−1 protein) | 674.3 ± 108.5 | 657.2 ± 132.3 | 595.9 ± 94.7 | 508.5 ± 69.5 |
SOD(U mg−1 of protein) | 554.9 ± 106.8 | 550.1 ± 96.9 | 476.2 ± 63.6 | 511.1 ± 42.0 |
CAT(U mg−1 of protein) | 608.1 ± 90.1 | 467.2 ± 153.3 | 181.7 ± 32.3 | 188.1 ± 35.4 |
GST(nmol CDNB per min−1 mg−1 of protein) | 195.9 ± 26.7 | 379.5 ± 61.7 * | 21.7 ± 2.1 | 23.9 ± 3.8 |
GSH(µmol GSH mg−1 of protein) | 41.3 ± 5.2 | 51.0 ± 5.1 | 54.2 ± 9.0 | 44.9 ± 6.9 |
GSSG(µmol GSSG mg−1 of protein) | 40.1 ± 4.2 | 49.7 ± 8.9 | 17.7 ± 6.2 | 24.2 ± 2.5 |
OSI | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
LPO(µmol MDA mg−1 of protein) | 36.5 ± 3.8 | 40.1 ± 8.8 | 42.7 ± 6.6 | 36.9 ± 2.7 |
LDH(nmol NADH per min−1 mg−1 of protein) | 18.7 ± 1.1 | 21.3 ± 4.1 | 5.0 ± 2.1 | 4.84 ± 1 |
Plasma | Urine | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds Detected (ng/mL) | CTR | 6.7% BF | CTR | 6.7% BF |
Glucoraphanin | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
Glucoerucin | N.d. | 46.6 ± 1.6 | N.d. | 995.6 ± 223.2 |
Glucoiberin | N.d. | N.d | N.d. | N.d. |
Glucobrassicin | N.d. | 159.9 ± 20.2 | N.d. | 2301.0 ± 452.8 |
SFN | N.d. | 27.4 ± 1.6 | N.d. | 40.2 ± 9.2 |
Erucin | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
Iberin | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
I3C | N.d. | 88.9 ± 6.8 | N.d. | 812.6 ± 118.8 |
SFN-GSH | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | 39.5 ± 7.5 |
SFN-CYS | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
SFN-NAC | N.d. | N.d. | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 75.9 ± 22.5 |
DIM | N.d. | N.d. | 54.3 ± 22.1 | 1498.0 ± 197.4 |
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Martins, T.; Oliveira, P.A.; Pires, M.J.; Neuparth, M.J.; Lanzarin, G.; Félix, L.; Venâncio, C.; Pinto, M.d.L.; Ferreira, J.; Gaivão, I.; et al. Effect of a Sub-Chronic Oral Exposure of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Italica) By-Products Flour on the Physiological Parameters of FVB/N Mice: A Pilot Study. Foods 2022, 11, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010120
Martins T, Oliveira PA, Pires MJ, Neuparth MJ, Lanzarin G, Félix L, Venâncio C, Pinto MdL, Ferreira J, Gaivão I, et al. Effect of a Sub-Chronic Oral Exposure of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Italica) By-Products Flour on the Physiological Parameters of FVB/N Mice: A Pilot Study. Foods. 2022; 11(1):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010120
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins, Tânia, Paula Alexandra Oliveira, Maria João Pires, Maria João Neuparth, Germano Lanzarin, Luís Félix, Carlos Venâncio, Maria de Lurdes Pinto, João Ferreira, Isabel Gaivão, and et al. 2022. "Effect of a Sub-Chronic Oral Exposure of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Italica) By-Products Flour on the Physiological Parameters of FVB/N Mice: A Pilot Study" Foods 11, no. 1: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11010120