A Comprehensive Review of the Cardioprotective Effect of Marine Algae Polysaccharide on the Gut Microbiota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure–Function Relationship of MAPs to Cardioprotective Activity
3. Cardioprotective Effect of MAPs Associated with Gut Microbiota Modulation
Type of Polysaccharides | Marine Algae Sources | Influence on Intestinal Microbiota | Treatment and Prevention of CVD | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
alginate | Sargassum fusiforme | Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Akkermansia Alloprevotella, Weissella, and Enterorhabdus ↑ Turicibacter and Helicobacter ↓ | attenuated pathological changes in adipose, hepatic, and heart tissues; diminished oxidative stress | [48] |
carrageenan | Kappaphycus Alvarezii | Parasutterella, Alloprevotella, Oscillibacter, Melainabacteria, and Butyricimonas ↑ Clostridia, Erysipelotrichaceae, Blautia, and Lachnospiraceae ↓ | decreased total cholesterol and high-density level cholesterol; reduced adipocyte size and levels of adiponectin and leptin | [49] |
fucan | Saccharina japonica | Bacteroides sartorii, Bacteroides acidifaciens, Akkermansia, and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 ↑ | prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity; regulated blood glucose/lipid metabolism | [50] |
fucoidan | Laminaria japonica | phylum Bacteroidetes and families Muribaculaceae and Bacteroidaceae ↑ | ameliorated high-fat diet-induced body weight gain, fat accumulation, serum lipid profiles, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and adipocyte hypertrophy | [51] |
fucoidan | Sargassum fusiforme | Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia ↑ | reduced epididymal fat deposition, decreased oxidative stress, and attenuated the pathological changes in heart tissues | [52] |
fucoidan | Sargassum fusiforme | Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae, and Butyricoccus↑ Helicobacter↓ | reduced fat accumulation; enhanced the energy expenditure through increasing the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in adipose tissues | [53] |
porphyran | Porphyra haitanensis | Roseburia and Eubacterium ↑, Helicobacter ↓ | ameliorated body fat accumulation in liver, serum, and adipose tissues; increased the pathway of PGC 1α-UCP 1-mitochondrial to produce more energy | [54] |
porphyran | Neoporphyra haitanensis | Parabacteroides and Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002 ↑ | inhibited G6Pase and PEPCK enzymes related to hepatic gluconeogenesis; enhanced the expression of the GLUT4 enzyme involved in peripheral glucose uptake | [55] |
ulvan | Enteromorpha prolifera | Desulfovibrio ↑, modulated Verrucomicrobiaceae, Odoribacteraceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Planococcaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae | decreased levels of inflammatory factors, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6; increased total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, glutathione, catalase, and telomerase levels | [56] |
ulvan | Ulva lactuca | Dubosiella, Lactobacillus, and Parasutterella ↑ Staphylococcus, Escherichia−Shigella, and Ruminococcus ↓ | reduced the amount of blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and creatinine; suppressed the activities of serum and hepatic xanthine oxidase | [57] |
4. Effect of Gut Microbiota-Generated Short-Chain Fatty Acids in CVD
5. Bile Acids as a Link between the Gut Microbiota and CVD
6. MAP Modulates the Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite TMAO
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Polysaccharide Type | Main Composition | Linkage Units | Bioactive Activities | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laminaria japonica | Fucoidan | L-fucose | α-(1→2)-linked fucose or α-(1→3)-linked fucose | endothelial protective activity ↑ | [18,19] |
Laminaria, Saccharina, Ascophyllum, Durvillaea, Macrocystis, Ecklonia, and Lessonia spp. | Alginate | mannuronic acid, guluronic acid | (1,4)-linked β-D-mannuronic acid (ManA) and α-L-guluronic acid (GluA) | fasting blood glucose ↓, total cholesterol ↓, total-body fat ↓ | [20,21] |
Gelidium and Gracilaria spp. | Agar | agarose and agaropectin | 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose and D-galactose/L-galactose and D-galactose linked sulfate groups | antidiabetic effects ↑ | [22,23] |
Porphyra spp. | Porphyran | galactose, galactose 6-sulfate | (1→4)-linked α-L-galactose 6-sulfate units and (1→3)-linked β-D-galactose units | antihyperlipidemic activity ↑, antioxidant capacities ↑ | [24] |
Eucheuma cottonii, Chondrus crispus | Carrageenan | D-galactose, 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose | α-1,3-glucosidic and β-1,4-glycosidic linkages | total cholesterol ↓, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ↓ | [25,26] |
Ulva, Enteromorpha spp. | Ulvan | rhamnose, L-rhamnose 3-sulfate | O-3-sulfate rhamnose and β-D-glucuronic acid(1→4)-L-rhamnose 3-sulfate, O-3-sulfate rhamnose and α-L-iduronic acid(1→4)-L-rhamnose 3-sulfate | antihyperlipidemic activity ↑ | [27,28] |
Monostroma nitidum | Sulfated rhamnan | rhamnose | →3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→ and →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→ residues | thrombolytic activity ↑, antithrombotic activity ↑ | [29,30,31] |
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Cheong, K.-L.; Yu, B.; Chen, J.; Zhong, S. A Comprehensive Review of the Cardioprotective Effect of Marine Algae Polysaccharide on the Gut Microbiota. Foods 2022, 11, 3550. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223550
Cheong K-L, Yu B, Chen J, Zhong S. A Comprehensive Review of the Cardioprotective Effect of Marine Algae Polysaccharide on the Gut Microbiota. Foods. 2022; 11(22):3550. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223550
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheong, Kit-Leong, Biao Yu, Jing Chen, and Saiyi Zhong. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of the Cardioprotective Effect of Marine Algae Polysaccharide on the Gut Microbiota" Foods 11, no. 22: 3550. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223550