Multi-Response Optimization of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Removal from Chrysanthemum morifolium by High-Pressure Extraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. High-Pressure Extraction
2.4. Determination of PAs via Liquid Chromatographic Separation and Mass Spectrometric Detection (LC–MS/MS)
2.5. Determination of Functional Components
2.5.1. Chlorogenic Acid, Luteolin-7-β-D-Glucopyranoside and 3,5-Dicaffeyl Quinic Acid
2.5.2. Total Flavonoids
2.5.3. Retention Efficiency (RTE)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PAs’ Removal Efficiency
3.2. Functional Components Retention Efficiency
3.3. Optimization of HPE Conditions and Validation of Predictive Models
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Runs | Coded Factors | Uncoded Factors | RME | RTM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | Pressure (MPa) | Number of Cycles | AcOH Concentration (%) | PAs | Chlorogenic Acid | Luteolin-7-β-D-Glucopyranoside | 3,5-Dicaffeyl Quinic Acid | Total Flavonoids | |
1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0.1 | 1 | 5 | 25 ± 0 | 99 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 100 ± 1 | 92 ± 3 |
2 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0 | 13 ± 4 | 89 ± 2 | 81 ± 2 | 95 ± 2 | 83 ± 3 |
3 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 10 | 31 ± 1 | 95 ± 2 | 90 ± 3 | 100 ± 4 | 90 ± 0 |
4 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 5 | 5 | 26 ± 1 | 95 ± 3 | 90 ± 1 | 96 ± 2 | 90 ± 1 |
5 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 100.05 | 1 | 0 | 26 ± 1 | 90 ± 1 | 81 ± 2 | 95 ± 1 | 75 ± 3 |
6 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 100.05 | 1 | 10 | 45 ± 1 | 90 ± 0 | 82 ± 1 | 94 ± 0 | 79 ± 3 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.05 | 3 | 5 | 37 ± 1 | 86 ± 2 | 80 ± 1 | 92 ± 2 | 81 ± 3 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.05 | 3 | 5 | 39 ± 1 | 87 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 94 ± 2 | 79 ± 3 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.05 | 3 | 5 | 38 ± 1 | 86 ± 3 | 80 ± 3 | 96 ± 2 | 79 ± 3 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.05 | 3 | 5 | 37 ± 2 | 87 ± 1 | 80 ± 1 | 92 ± 1 | 78 ± 4 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.05 | 3 | 5 | 39 ± 1 | 87 ± 0 | 84 ± 3 | 93 ± 2 | 78 ± 1 |
12 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 100.05 | 5 | 0 | 41 ± 5 | 83 ± 2 | 82 ± 1 | 86 ± 1 | 78 ± 2 |
13 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 100.05 | 5 | 10 | 42 ± 1 | 88 ± 1 | 85 ± 0 | 96 ± 1 | 86 ± 1 |
14 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 200 | 1 | 5 | 42 ± 1 | 84 ± 1 | 83 ± 1 | 95 ± 0 | 86 ± 2 |
15 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 200 | 3 | 0 | 45 ± 1 | 75 ± 2 | 80 ± 3 | 85 ± 3 | 82 ± 3 |
16 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 200 | 3 | 10 | 46 ± 2 | 76 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 87 ± 0 | 84 ± 4 |
17 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 5 | 5 | 47 ± 3 | 77 ± 1 | 84 ± 1 | 89 ± 1 | 83 ± 3 |
Source | RME | RTE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAs | Chlorogenic Acid | Luteolin-7-β-D-Glucopyranoside | 3,5-Dicaffeyl Quinic Acid | Total Flavonoids | ||
Regression coefficient | β0 | 38.02 | 86.67 | 80.54 | 93.31 | 79.03 |
Linear | ||||||
β1 | 10.72 | −8.20 | −2.64 | −4.42 | −2.40 | |
β2 | 2.36 | −2.48 | 0.50 | −1.95 | - | |
β3 | 5.20 | 1.70 | 1.74 | 2.07 | 2.60 | |
Quadratic | ||||||
β11 | −3.68 | −0.91 | 3.11 | - | 7.33 | |
β22 | - | 3.04 | 2.40 | - | - | |
β33 | - | −01.89 | - | - | - | |
Interaction | ||||||
β12 | - | −0.86 | - | - | - | |
β13 | −4.19 | −1.22 | −1.82 | - | - | |
β23 | −4.48 | 1.33 | - | 2.64 | - | |
Lack of fit | 0.1190 | 0.7051 | 0.4703 | 0.2860 | 0.1036 | |
R2 | 0.9804 | 0.9956 | 0.8389 | 0.8357 | 0.8326 | |
Adjusted R2 | 0.9686 | 0.9900 | 0.7423 | 0.7809 | 0.7940 | |
p-Value (regression) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0017 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Terms | RME | RTE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAs | Chlorogenic Acid | Luteolin-7-β-D-Glucopyranoside | 3,5-Dicaffeyl Quinic Acid | Total Flavonoids | |
Linear | |||||
330.64 | 1262.12 | 17.71 | 38.32 | 9.07 | |
15.99 | 115.40 | 0.63 | 7.49 | - | |
78.00 | 54.03 | 7.68 | 8.38 | 10.65 | |
Quadratic | |||||
20.63 | 8.18 | 12.98 | - | 44.95 | |
- | 90.97 | 7.71 | - | - | |
- | 35.34 | - | - | - | |
Interaction | |||||
- | 6.89 | - | - | - | |
25.29 | 13.95 | 4.20 | - | - | |
28.87 | 16.48 | - | 6.82 | - |
Terms | RME (%) | RTE (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAs | Chlorogenic Acid | Luteolin-7-β-D-Glucopyranoside | 3,5-Dicaffeyl Quinic Acid | Total Flavonoids | |
Initial predicted values | 47 | 89 | 83 | 94 | 81 |
Simplified predicted values | 47 | 89 | 83 | 94 | 81 |
Experimental values | 47 ± 0 | 88 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 90 ± 1 | 79 ± 2 |
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Wang, H.; Wang, Q.; Lai, A.; Zhu, J.; Huang, X.; Hu, G. Multi-Response Optimization of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Removal from Chrysanthemum morifolium by High-Pressure Extraction. Foods 2022, 11, 3827. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233827
Wang H, Wang Q, Lai A, Zhu J, Huang X, Hu G. Multi-Response Optimization of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Removal from Chrysanthemum morifolium by High-Pressure Extraction. Foods. 2022; 11(23):3827. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233827
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hao, Qiang Wang, Aiping Lai, Jiahong Zhu, Xiuzhu Huang, and Guixian Hu. 2022. "Multi-Response Optimization of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Removal from Chrysanthemum morifolium by High-Pressure Extraction" Foods 11, no. 23: 3827. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233827