Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Isolation and Identification from Raw Pork
2.2. Antimicrobial Resistance Testing
2.3. Detection of Methicillin Resistance Genes
2.4. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST)
2.5. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Data Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in Wholesale and Retail Pork
3.2. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles
3.3. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of the S. aureus Isolates
3.4. Genotypic Characteristics of the S. aureus Isolates
3.5. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of S. aureus
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pork Source (Markets) | Season | No. of Samples | S. aureus | MRSA | MSSA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Isolates | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI * (%) | No. of Isolates | Prevalence (%) | No. of Isolates | Prevalence (%) | |||
Wholesale | Spring | 576 | 85 | 14.8 β,γ | 12.0–17.9 | 3 | 3.5 | 82 | 96.5 |
Summer | 594 | 71 | 12.0 γ | 9.5–14.8 | 2 | 2.8 | 69 | 97.2 | |
Autumn | 661 | 106 | 16.0 β | 13.3–19.1 | 6 | 5.7 | 100 | 94.3 | |
Winter | 522 | 94 | 18.0 α,β | 14.8–21.6 | 3 | 3.2 | 91 | 96.8 | |
Total | 2353 | 356 | 15.1 | 13.7–16.6 | 14 | 3.9 | 342 | 96.1 | |
Retail | Spring | 153 | 37 | 24.2 b | 17.6–31.8 | 1 | 2.7 | 36 | 97.3 |
Summer | 194 | 31 | 16.0 b | 11.1–21.9 | 1 | 3.2 | 30 | 96.8 | |
Autumn | 186 | 32 | 17.2 b | 12.1–23.4 | 2 | 6.3 | 30 | 93.8 | |
Winter | 181 | 62 | 34.3 a | 27.4–41.7 | 1 | 1.6 | 61 | 98.4 | |
Total | 714 | 162 | 22.7 | 19.7–25.9 | 5 | 3.1 | 157 | 96.9 | |
Total | 3067 | 518 | 16.9 | 15.6–18.3 | 19 | 3.7 | 499 | 96.3 |
MLST | No. of S. aureus | No. from Markets | No. of MRSA | No. of MSSA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | (n = 518, %) | Wholesale | Retail | (n = 19, %) | (n = 499, %) | |||
ST7 | 298 | 57.5 | 200 | 98 | - | - | 298 | 59.7 |
ST5 | 46 | 9.1 | 22 | 24 | - | - | 46 | 9.2 |
ST3055 | 22 | 4.3 | 20 | 2 | - | - | 22 | 4.4 |
ST188 | 19 | 3.7 | 15 | 4 | - | - | 19 | 3.8 |
ST9 | 17 | 3.3 | 14 | 3 | 8 | 42.1 | 9 | 1.8 |
ST15 | 14 | 2.7 | 11 | 3 | - | - | 14 | 2.8 |
ST25 | 14 | 2.7 | 14 | - | - | - | 14 | 2.8 |
ST1 | 10 | 1.9 | 6 | 4 | - | - | 10 | 2 |
ST6 | 10 | 1.9 | 8 | 2 | - | - | 10 | 2 |
ST88 | 10 | 1.9 | 10 | - | - | - | 10 | 2 |
ST1640 | 10 | 1.9 | - | 10 | - | - | 10 | 2 |
ST72 | 7 | 1.4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5.3 | 6 | 1.2 |
ST2250 | 6 | 1.2 | 5 | 1 | - | - | 6 | 1.2 |
ST630 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5.3 | 4 | 0.8 |
ST1281 | 5 | 1 | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | 1 |
ST59 | 4 | 0.8 | 4 | - | 2 | 10.5 | 2 | 0.4 |
ST398 | 4 | 0.8 | 4 | - | - | - | 4 | 0.8 |
ST672 | 3 | 0.6 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 0.6 |
ST338 | 2 | 0.4 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | 0.4 |
ST1376 | 2 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10.5 | - | - |
ST1920 | 2 | 0.4 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | 0.4 |
ST4513 | 2 | 0.4 | 2 | - | 2 | 10.5 | - | - |
ST22 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | - | 1 | 5.3 | - | - |
ST45 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | - | 1 | 5.3 | - | - |
ST968 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | - | 1 | 5.3 | - | - |
ST1821 | 1 | 0.2 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 0.2 |
ST1921 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 0.2 |
ST2315 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 0.2 |
S. aureus | MLST | Spa | SCCmec | SE or SEl Genes |
---|---|---|---|---|
MRSA | ST9 | t899 | XII(9C2) | sea, selw |
t899 | XII(9C2) | sea, selw | ||
t899 | XII(9C2) | seb, sec, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw | ||
t899 | XII(9C2) | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw | ||
t899 | XII(9C2) | sei, sem, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | ||
t899 | XII(9C2) | seb, sec, selw | ||
t899 | XII(9C2) | sea, sec, sek, sep, seq, selw, sey | ||
t899 | XII(9C2) | sea, selw | ||
ST22 | t309 | V(5C2&5) | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | |
ST45 | t026 | IVa(2B) | sea, selw | |
ST59 | t437 | IVa(2B) | sei, sem, seo, selu, selv, selw | |
t437 | IVa(2B) | sea, selw | ||
ST72 | t664 | IVc(2B) | sei, sem, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | |
ST630 | t14066 | V(5C2) | seb, sec, sek, sep, seq, selw, sey | |
ST968 | t899 | XII(9C2) | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | |
ST1376 | t899 | XII(9C2) | sea, selw | |
t7384 | XII(9C2) | selw | ||
ST4513 | t437 | IVa(2B) | sea, selw | |
t437 | IVa(2B) | sea, selw | ||
MSSA | ST5 | t12870 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw |
t1107 | - | sea, see, sek, sep, seq, selw | ||
ST6 | t11363 | - | sei, sem, seo, selu, selv, selw | |
ST7 | t065 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw | |
t091 | - | sea, selw | ||
t091 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sly | ||
t091 | - | sea, see, selw | ||
t091 | - | sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, sei, selj, sem, sen, seo, ser, selu, selv, selw | ||
t091 | - | sei, sem, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | ||
t091 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw | ||
t091 | - | selw | ||
t091 | - | selw | ||
t1743 | - | seb, sec, sek, sep, seq, selw, sey | ||
ST9 | t899 | - | sea, selw | |
ST88 | t6497 | - | selw | |
t6497 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | ||
t6497 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | ||
ST188 | t189 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | |
t8807 | - | seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, selu, selv, selw, sey | ||
ST3628 | t7030 | - | selw |
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Zhu, Z.; Liu, X.; Chen, X.; Zou, G.; Huang, Q.; Meng, X.; Pei, X.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, R.; Hu, D.; et al. Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China. Foods 2022, 11, 4114. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244114
Zhu Z, Liu X, Chen X, Zou G, Huang Q, Meng X, Pei X, Chen Z, Zhou R, Hu D, et al. Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China. Foods. 2022; 11(24):4114. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244114
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Zhihao, Xiaoying Liu, Xingyu Chen, Geng Zou, Qi Huang, Xianrong Meng, Xiaoying Pei, Zhou Chen, Rui Zhou, Dongliang Hu, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China" Foods 11, no. 24: 4114. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244114