Effect of Extracts Derived from Brown Algae (Sargassum horneri) on the Gel Property and Moisture Distribution of Hairtail Surimi Gel (Trichiurus haumela)
1
College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2022, 11(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030411
Submission received: 13 January 2022
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Revised: 27 January 2022
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Accepted: 28 January 2022
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Published: 30 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)
Abstract
:The cross-linking degree between myosin affected the surimi gel properties in the hairtail. In this study, the effects of phlorotannin extracts (PE) derived from brown algae (Sargassum horneri) with different concentrations (0.05%, 0.3%, 1% w/w) on the hairtail surimi gel-forming properties were investigated in comparison with the commercial phloroglucinol (PG). The breaking forces of surimi gel with 1% PE and 0.05% PG were increased by 14.80% and 2.73%, respectively. The increase in deformation was 9.66% with 1% PE compared with the control added with water, but there was no increase in deformation of surimi gel with 0.05% PG. The improved surimi gel structure with PE as a bridge for the three-dimensional network forming of protein was observed in the microstructure. Moreover, PE could significantly shorten the water relaxation time (p < 0.05), reduce free water content (p < 0.05), and increase the hydrogen proton density of the hairtail surimi according to the results of NMR, dielectric properties, and MRI map, respectively. Our findings suggest that the extracts from the brown algae could be a potential economical gel structure enhancer to improve the myosin network.
1. Introduction
Surimi, a Japanese word for fish mince, has been accepted as a popular raw material for aquatic food. Gel forming was mainly due to the irreversible denaturation of protein resulting in the three-dimensional gel network, in which myosin was essential [1]. Surimi gel was successively produced by the steps of myosin dissolution and crosslink formation. Generally, due to limited resources and economic cost, the fish species with dark flesh or lean fish were increasingly used in producing surimi products, increasing the chance for undesirable fish species to become a popular dish. However, some fish species are unsuitable for the surimi product due to the lack of gelation ability. Species such as hairtail (Trichiurus haumela), with high fishing catches in China, was an easy-to-fish and low-cost species, but the low strength of the hairtail surimi gel had a negative impact on product development. As traditional processing of surimi cannot fully promote the myosin unfolding [2], the use of additives to enhance gel properties has been a hot topic in recent years. Some researchers found that gel property intensifiers such as yeast β-glucan [3], oleogels [4], and microbial transglutaminase [5] could prevent surimi gel weakening. Nonetheless, these additives may cause undesirable sensory properties of surimi. Therefore, the search for green and efficient natural food additives to improve the gelation properties of surimi is a current research direction.
Polyphenols, mainly hydroxylated cinnamic acids (e.g., caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid) and flavonols, are compounds found in plant foods that have potential health-promoting effects [6]. Generally, polyphenols are oxidized into quinone during the heating progress and a dimer of which would be formed in the meantime, resulting in a cross-link with an amino acid side chain by C-S or C-N bond formation [7], which affects the gel property during surimi production. Several attempts have been made to study the effects of plant polyphenols on surimi gel properties [8,9]. The effect of phenolic compounds in fast-growing algae on the gel properties of surimi gel has attracted considerable attention. The phenolic compound in brown algae is mainly phlorotannins, a polymer of phloroglucinol [10]. For example, phlorotannins were exclusively possessed in brown algae, with content more than 20% of the dry weight [11]. Jiang et al. illustrated that the phlorotannins from sporophyll extracts worked on myosin under UVA irradiation to increase the crosslinking [12]. Other studies reported that phenolic compounds of seaweed showed no negative affection for sensory properties while increasing the gel property [13,14].
However, these studies only preliminarily explored the effects of algal phenolic compounds on the basic properties of surimi gel, and there is a lack of studies on the gel properties and water retention. Therefore, the enhancement effect of phlorotannins on the surimi gel is worthy of further exploration. In this context, this research aimed to investigate the potential effects of phlorotannins extracted from brown algae (Sargassum horneri) on the gel properties and moisture distributions of treated hairtail surimi gel (Trichiurus haumela).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The brown algae (Sargassum horneri) were provided by the College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University. The hairtail surimi (Trichiurus haumela) was purchased from Shanghai Yiyang Yihua Aquatic Products Co., Ltd, Yiyang, China. Phloroglucinol (PG) was of spectral purity grade and the chemicals noted below were of analytical purity grade, purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
2.2. Preparation of Phlorotannins Extracts
Phlorotannins extracts (PE) was prepared according to the method described in Shitole [13]. Fresh brown seaweed (Sargassum horneri) was washed with tap water, followed by draining with gauze, and then dried by an electric thermostatic drying oven at 55 °C until the moisture content was at 2%. The dried seaweed was ground into powder and then sieved using a screen with a diameter of 0.125 mm. Brown seaweed extracts were obtained according to the ultrasound-assisted method of Wang et al. [15]. The powder (1 g) was mixed with 55% ethanol at the ratio of 42:1 (v/w) and then extracted by ultrasonic extraction for 58 min. The precipitate was collected to repeat the process two more times. The supernatant (100 mL) was fractionated with ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) seven times, and the fractions were collected and desiccated with rotary evaporation (Numeric Control Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine, SB4200DT, NingBo XinZhi Biology Science Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China). The pellet was dissolved into ethanol with different concentrations for further use.
2.3. Phlorotannins Extracts Identification
PE was identified by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) (1290LC-6224, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China) according to the method in Ferreres [16] with some modifications.
2.3.1. Chromatographic Conditions
The column used was a YMC-Pack ODS-AQ C18 (75 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm). The column temperature was set at 20 °C. Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid methanol was used as phase A and 0. 1% formic acid acetonitrile as phase B. The elution program was set to gradient elution: 0–5 min: 0% B, 15 min: 30% B, 17.5–20 min: 80% B, 22.5–26 min: 0% B. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, the injection volume was 5 μL, and the injection temperature was 4 °C. The DAD wavelength scanning range was 200–400 nm, and the UV detection wavelength was 280 nm.
2.3.2. Mass Spectrometry Conditions
The mass spectrometry was performed at a flow rate of 8.0 L/min, a drying gas temperature of 350 °C, an atomization gas pressure of 40 psig, a lysis voltage of 175 V, and a capillary voltage of 4000 V. The mass spectra were scanned in the range of m/z 100~1800.
Mass calibration: The reference solution was introduced into the ion source simultaneously with the sample through the reference Nebulizer for real-time reference. The ions 322.048132, 622.028960, and 922.009798 were selected in positive ion mode.
2.4. Preparation of Surimi Gel
The purchased surimi was cut into small pieces (5 cm × 5 cm) after thawing in a 4 °C refrigerator until the core temperature reached 0–2 °C. It was then chopped under 10 °C for 15 min. The final moisture content of surimi was adjusted to 78.30% by adding cold distilled water. Then PE and PG (5.00 mL) at various concentrations (0.05%, 0.3%, and 1%) dissolved into 5% ethanol were added, and the distilled water was used as the blank control. Next, the homogeneous surimi sol was obtained after chopping for 3 min under 4 °C. To prepare the surimi gel, the sol with PE and PG were stuffed into a 20 mm diameter casing and both sides were sealed tightly. It was then heated at 35 °C for 3 h and subsequently incubated at 90 °C for 30 min in a water bath. All heated surimi gel was rapidly cooled in ice water and stored at 4 °C for analysis. PG was used as a positive control.
2.5. Texture Analysis of Surimi Gel
The gel strength of surimi gel was carried out using a texture analyzer (TA.XT Plus, Stable Micro System, Surrey, UK) as described by Julavittayanukul [17] with slight modifications. The surimi gel was cut into a cylinder (20 × 30 mm) after equilibrating at room temperature before analysis. The aspherical plunger (P/5S) was pressed into the surimi gel surface perpendicularly with a constant force (10 g) and a stable rate (1 mm/s) at a certain distance from the surface (20 mm). The quality of the gels was assessed by measuring their breaking force (g) and deformation (cm). Gel strength was calculated according to the equation:
Gel strength = breaking force (g) × deformation (cm)
2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Surimi Gel
The microstructure of prepared surimi gel was measured by SEM according to the method in Oujifard [18] with minor modifications. Briefly, the samples (3 mm × 3 mm × 2 mm) were fixed with glutaraldehyde at 2.5% (v/v) and incubated for 24 h at room temperature, followed by filtration. The precipitates were rinsed with 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) three times. The samples were gradient eluted with ethanol at different concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% for 20 min, and then washed with 100% ethanol for 30 min (three times). The dehydrated samples were mounted on a conduct electric stub in the sample treatment stage after vacuum freeze drying, then sputter-coated with gold. The microstructure of prepared surimi gel was available for observing and recording under scanning electron microscopy.
2.7. Dielectric Properties Determination of Surimi Gel
The dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of each surimi gel sample were determined using the coaxial probe coupled with a PNA-L Network Analyzer (N5230C, Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), according to the method in Zhang et al. [19], with minor modifications. To maintain stability and minimize the error, the measurement system was kept in a stable environment for 2 h before calibration and measurement, followed by adjustment under three different types of loads: open-air, short circuit, and 25 °C deionized water. In the present study, a frequency range of 300–4500 MHz was used to determine the dielectric properties of control and treated samples under 20 °C. Each replicate was determined three times to obtain the mean value.
2.8. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Surimi Gel
The water state of the treated surimi gel samples could be observed by determining spin-spin water relaxation time (T2) with carr-purcell-meiboom-gill (CPMG) pulse sequence using low-field NMR relaxation measurement (MesoMR 23-060H.I, Niumag Electric Corporation, Shanghai, China). Surimi gel was prepared in a cylinder with a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 30 mm at room temperature, and the gel with PG was prepared in a square container with a length of 20 mm and a height of 30 mm. The spin-spin relaxation time (T2) was measured via the CPMG pulse sequence. Parameter settings: SFI = 2 MHz, P1 = 17 μs, SW = 100.00 kHz, RFD = 0.08 ms, NS = 16, P2 = 33 μs, TW = 2500 ms, TE = 0.60 ms, and NECH = 3000.
2.9. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Analysis of Surimi Gel
Proton density-weighted images were acquired on a MesoMR23-060H-I NMR coopered with an imaging system (Niumag Electric Corporation, Shanghai, China). The test samples were placed in the center of the radio frequency coil at the center of the permanent magnetic field, and the hydrogen proton density image of the surimi gel was obtained by multiple spin echo (MSE) imaging sequences. According to the previous measurement of T2 relaxation time with the CPMG sequence, the repetition time was 500 ms, the spin-echo time was 20 ms, and the center frequency was 21 MHz.
2.10. Statistical Analysis
SPSS 22 and Origin 2017 were used to analyze experimental data. All experiments were performed three times with the hairtail surimi gel of the same batch. All obtained data were reported in the form of mean ± SD and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and mean comparison was carried out using Tukey’s multiple range test. The optimization of PE extraction was based on the Box–Behnken (BBD) method.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PE Identification
The brown algae extract was identified using LC-TOF-MS, and the composition is shown in Table 1.
From Table 1, the average molecular weights of Nos. 78 and 96 are 250.2258 and 374.3036, respectively, with theoretical values of 250.2042 and 374.2984 and molecular formulae of C12H10O6 and C18H14O9, respectively, which are likely to be dimers and trimers of phloroglucinol (PG).
The molecular ion peak of compound No. 96 in positive ion mode with a retention time of 14.8 min was m/z 375 [M+H]+ with an average molecular weight of 374.3036; the theoretical value was 374.2984 and the molecular formula was C18H14O9. The molecular ion was cleaved by electrospray ionization to fragment peaks with m/z 357 and 232, where the removal of water resulted in the characteristic fragment m/z 357 [M+H-H2O]+, and the removal of phloroglucinol and hydroxyl oxygen resulted in the ionic fragment m/z 232 [M+H-O-C6H6O3]+. The results indicated that this compound was a trimer of phloroglucinol linked by C-O-C oxidized phenols.
The extraction rate and purity of brown algae extract are shown in Table 2.
The extraction rate of PE was 25.16% with the optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction method, which showed a significant increase over microwave extraction (19.96%) and Soxhlet extraction (13.13%) [15]. The phlorotannin were only 6.46% of the dry matter in this study, which was lower than that of green algae. However, the high purity of PE (73.85%) indicated that the major components of PE was phlorotannin, which mainly contributed to the enhanced protein cross-linking in surimi gel.
3.2. Gel Property of Surimi Gel
PE and PG were dissolved in 5% ethanol and the effects of the added solvent on surimi gel were investigated. Our results found that the gel strength of surimi gel with 5% ethanol (3766.60 ± 261.60 g·cm) had no significant difference compared with the control sample (3623.80 ± 86.10 g·cm) (p > 0.05), suggesting that the 5% ethanol had little effect on surimi gel strength.
The effects of different concentrations of PG and PE on the gel properties of hairtail surimi gel are shown in Figure 1.
The breaking force of surimi gel treated by PE showed a concentration dependence (Figure 1A). Compared with the control, the breaking force of surimi gel treated with 1% PE was improved significantly (p < 0.05). The highest breaking force of PG-treated samples was observed in the 0.05% PG-treated one, significantly higher than that of the control (p < 0.05). However, 1% PG decreased the breaking force significantly (p < 0.05), with an 18.73% decrease (Figure 1B). In addition, the deformation of surimi gel increased with the increase of PE concentration. Compared with the control group, the deformation of samples with 1% PE significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas the deformation of samples with 1% PG decreased by 12.94%. Theoretically, the gel was formed due to the phenolic compounds forming a bridge between the myosin cross-linking [12]. In contrast, the phenolic compounds were oxidized into quinones under high temperature [20], followed by inducing the protein unfolding to provide more hydrophobic binding sites for the quinones [21]. Moreover, quinone was an electrophile intermediate that underwent a secondary addition reaction once attacked by a nucleophilic molecule [20], leading to the formation of cross-linked protein polymers. Therefore, 1% PE and 0.05% PG could form a rigid molecular structure with the unfolded myosin, which enhanced the surimi gel property.
Notably, the increase in the dosage of PE and PG showed opposite effects on the gel properties, which suggested that PG and PE might interact with the myosin of surimi gel in different ways. There are two distinguished complexation mechanisms for additives and myosin: high-dosage dependence monodentate and low-dosage dependence multidentate [22,23]. According to the results in Figure 1, it is suggested that PE was monodentate. Phenolic compounds with a monodentate complexation mechanism showed significant enhancement of the cross-linking between proteins and phenolic compounds with high concentrations [22,23]. In contrast, the multidentate mechanism required multiple binding sites in phenolic compounds. In the present study, higher deformation and breaking forces of surimi gel were observed at a lower level of PG (0.05%), indicating that PG was a multidentate mechanism on myosin. At the same time, the self-aggregation of phenolic compounds with increasing concentration was formed [20], and the hydroxyl group of bonding amino acid residues was decreased, which negatively affected the surimi gel properties. Balange et al. reported that the increased dosage of oxidized phenolics decreased the gel strength of mackerel surimi gel, supporting the results of the present study [24].
3.3. The Microstructure of Surimi Gels with Phlorotannins Extraction and Phloroglucinol
The microstructure is important in the surimi gel network, which can be observed by SEM [25]. The SEM can reflect the relationship and the combination degree of protein-protein and protein-water [26]. The microstructures of hairtail surimi gel of different concentrations of phlorotannins extracts and phloroglucinol are illustrated in Figure 2.
Surimi gel samples with PE (Figure 2E–G) had different results from samples with PG. Surimi gel surface became coarser with increasing concentrations of PE. As shown in Figure 2G, the cross-linking of the protein fiber was the most compact with 1% PE, compared with the control sample. The results are similar to the report of Balange [27] that the tannins could develop the surimi gel with increasing dosage. Figure 2B shows that the cross-linking formed between myosin and 0.05% PG. Maqsood [28] suggested that the forming of cross-linking between PG and surimi gel was attributed to the covalent binding. However, Figure 2C illustrates that the bigger surface cavities appeared with the 0.3% PG, and the protein fiber almost disappeared in the 1% PG treated sample (Figure 2D). It was inferred that the PG aggregation was the major factor to inhibit the protein linkage and the protein-phenolic covalent-binding forming [29]. The results of Figure 2 also reveal that PE and PG had different connected approaches to the surimi gel structure. PE could induce the surimi gel surface compactness with the increasing dosage, and its effect was better than the PG treated sample in optimal concentration. The developed structure was attributed to a great number of binding sites provided by PE under the monodentate reaction mechanism, which was consistent with the results of gel properties of hairtail surimi gel shown in Figure 1.
3.4. Dielectric Properties of Surimi Gel
The dielectric property of food is defined as the interaction between the medium and electromagnetic field and is expressed in terms of complex relative dielectric permittivity (ε*) [30]. The value of ε* was used to represent the medium dielectric property for the real part and imaginary part called dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε″), respectively [31], which existed in the time-change high-frequency sinusoidal field or microwave field. In addition, the ε″ was characterized by different relaxation phenomena [32], which were relative to the dipolar property of the water molecule. The dielectric property of water was treated as the main cause of dielectric loss and dielectric absorption. Mabrook [33] reported that the conductance of full-fat milk increased with the increase in water. The ε″ was described by Equation (1) (Debye relation), reflecting different relaxation phenomena with different effects in food with high moisture content.
Ε″ = εd″ + σ/ε0ω
From Equation (1), ε″ represented the loss factor, εd″ represented the relaxation phenomenon caused by dipolar polarization, and σ/ε0ω represented the relaxation phenomenon caused by ionic conductivity. Normally, the moisture content of surimi gel was over 70%. Thus, the dielectric behavior could be reflected by the Debye relation for the properties of free water in surimi gel.
The effects on ε′ and ε″ of hairtail surimi gel with PE and PG at different levels are shown in Figure 3.
Compared with the control, both ε′ and ε″ were decreased by PE and PG. The ε′ decreased with both the PE and the frequency increasing (Figure 3A), whereas Figure 3C shows that a lower concentration of PG promoted ε′ decreasing of surimi gel. As shown in Figure 3B, ε″ markedly decreased with increasing frequency and then ε″ reached a minimum at 900 MHz, followed by a slower increase in 1000–4500 MHz, which was the microwave frequency domain. The lowest ε″ was observed in surimi gel with 1% PE among the three concentrations. From Figure 3D, the minimum ε″ value of surimi gel with PG also appeared at 900 MHz. The changing tendency of ε″ with different concentrations was similar. The ε″ value of 0.05% PG treated surimi gel was the lowest among all the samples.
The ε′ depends on the frequency of microwave radiation and decreases with the increase in frequency. Water is a polar molecule, and it will be oriented or polarized in an external electric field [34,35]. The denser gel structure of surimi gel formed more hydrogen bonds, thus limiting the mobility of water molecules. Therefore, the results of ε′ shown in Figure 3A,C indicated that a high concentration level of PE (1%) promoted the increase in bound water in the surimi gel, resulting in the diminishing of the dielectric constant. However, the degree of restriction to the water of PG showed a negative dose-dependent manner.
When it came to then ε″, the results are shown in Figure 3B, and Figure 3D indicated that the main influenced factor of dielectric loss in lower frequency differed from that in the frequency higher than 1000 MHz. The common effect of εd″ and σ/ε0ω was identified as the main reason for the increase of ε″ in a lower frequency, which promoted the ε″ decreasing rapidly, as shown in Figure 3B,D. In contrast, at a frequency above 1000 MHz, the εd″ contributed the most to the ε″ increase among the four types of polarization [36]. Once the frequency was higher than the inflection point (900 MHz in this study), the ε″ change was well described by the Debye equation. That is, with the increase in frequency shown in Figure 3B and Figure 4B, the polarized dipole was stopped from rotating up with the change of electric field [37] and then resulted in the gradual increase in the ε″ value. The εd″ in surimi gel detected in the high-frequency domain was mainly due to the change of free water. Therefore, the restriction of free water was promoted by the additives in surimi gel. Clarion [38] illustrated that higher water activity in food was derived from the higher dielectric property. A higher ε″ indicated a higher free water content in surimi gel, reflecting the higher water activity of surimi gel treated by the lower concentration level of PE (0.05%) and higher PG (0.3% and 1%). The difference in ε″ value emphasized the different protein-binding abilities between PE and PG. Stronger covalent interaction between 1% PE/0.05% PG and protein in surimi gel was deducted due to the stronger restriction of water, which provided support to the change of breaking force and deformation shown in Figure 1 and the surface change in Figure 2. However, the effects of electric properties on moisture state were unclear, and further analysis is necessary.
3.5. The Water Relaxation Time of Surimi Gel
For surimi gel property research, an intuitive and fast testing instrument was needed. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) is non-destructive, allows for rapid detection, has a low sample requirement, and can be used to determine multiple properties in food such as moisture, protein, and texture [39]. It was well-known that the water-binding state plays a vital role in gel-forming, and NMR has been applied to non-destructively explore the moisture mobility and diffusion of different water types in high water content samples [40,41]. Several studies showed that water-holding capacity and water-binding ability were mainly due to the change in myofibrillar protein during the heating progress [42,43]. When proteins are surrounded by water molecules in a specific binding location, transversal relaxation time (T2) of NMR can be considerably influenced if these water molecules exchange rapidly enough in solution. The exchange can be regarded as a diffusion process. The length of relaxation time is related to the existence of hydrogen protons and the physical and chemical environment [44]. Therefore, water 1H T2 was used to reflect the protein mobility and the interaction between protein and water. Empirically, three independent peaks were fitted exponentially by NMR spin-spin relaxation signal. In the present study, two separate signal peaks were observed in all samples by CPMG sequence: bond water (T22) and free water (T23). The transverse relaxation time of different treated surimi gels are shown in Figure 4.
As Figure 4B shows, the T22 relaxation time of the 1% PE sample shifted sharply left to a shorter response time. The samples treated by 0.3% and 0.05% PE showed no significant difference in response time compared with the control (p > 0.05). Moreover, it was observed that the T23 peak of 0.05%, 0.3%, and 1% PE was also shifted to the left. Compared with the control, similarly significant shifts in T22 and T23 were observed in PG-treated samples (Figure 4A), which were consistent with the analysis of ε′ shown in Figure 3A,C. The results indicated that the water movability was reduced in the surimi gel network by adding PE (1%) and PG (0.05%). The peak position of relaxation time shift to the left was attributed to the greater hydrogen proton binding force or the smaller degree of water freedom [45]. The water in the outer layer could be quickly reoriented with a high degree of freedom, compared to the inner layer of water with a stable and tight binding state. Hence, the internal three-dimensional network structure of surimi gel tended to be more stable with PE and PG added.
It is worth noting that the T23 relaxation time shift of surimi gel with added PG and PE was different. The NMR T23 relaxation times of surimi gel with added PE (0.05%, 0.3%, and 1%) were 2.56 s, 2.71 s, and 2.92 s, respectively, and those of PG (0.05%, 0.3%, 1%) treated surimi gel were 0.90 s, 1.49 s, and 1.20 s, respectively. The 1% PE and 0.05% PG induced T23 relaxation time of surimi gel shifted more to the left than other concentrations, indicating that the corresponding free water was reduced. The proportion of free water is inversely proportional to the strength of the gel structure [46]. Therefore, the gel property of the surimi gel sample was enhanced by the addition of 1% PE and 0.05% PG, which supported and supplemented the change of ε′ and ε″ of surimi gel with added PE and PG, shown in Figure 3. Regarding the difference between PE and PG, the main factor was the different ways that two kinds of phenolic compounds interacted with myosin, resulting in various degrees of tightness in the network of the treated surimi gel, which supported the results shown in Figure 1.
3.6. Water Distribution of Surimi Gel
In muscle tissues, the state of moisture was characterized by MRI [47]. MRI is regarded as a non-destructive and precise method, widely used in the food storage and processing fields in recent years. Figure 5 shows the changes in water distribution of the hairtail surimi gel structure treated by different concentrations of PE and PG.
After weighted imaging, all aqueous phases in the samples were characterized by MRI techniques [48]. Hydrogen proton density indicated the distribution of water. The pseudo-color map obtained after the weighting process clearly shows the hydrogen proton density difference according to the color change, which highlights the different water phases in the gel. The color bar serves as a reference for color changes in pseudo-color: a higher hydrogen proton density represents a redder pseudo-color.
As Figure 5 shows, the surimi gel sample treated by 0.05% PE showed little difference compared with the control sample. However, the sample treated by 0.05% PG increased hydrogen proton density remarkably, which indicated that the three-dimension network of surimi gel was greatly enhanced with a lower concentration of PG. The bottom of the surimi gel treated by 1% PG could be observed with more hydrogen protons. Nevertheless, it was found from the pseudo-color figure that the density of hydrogen protons on the sample surface was much higher than that on the bottom. It could be suggested that the poor water-holding capacity of gel samples treated with 1% PG resulted in different moisture distributions at the top and bottom layers [49]. It was observed from the proton density picture that samples treated with a high dosage of PG were darker at the top than at the bottom. However, the sample treated with PE exhibited good structure uniformity indicating the tight combination of PE and surimi gel protein. These results proved that 1% PE and 0.05% PG contributed more to strengthening the gel property.
4. Conclusions
Two different types of polyphenolic compounds showed dramatically different effects on hairtail surimi gel. Because of the different interaction mechanisms with myosin of surimi gel, 1% PE and 0.05% PG exhibited a comparatively strengthening influence on surimi gel, with PE showing a better performance. Therefore, 1% of PE could be treated as an optimized option to enhance the hairtail surimi gel. PE could be treated as a potential economic resource for surimi gel production. However, there was also some inadequacies, necessitating supplementary research in the present study. Myosin was a crucial factor for gel-forming, so the sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis could be used to further investigate myosin change in surimi gel with added phlorotannins. According to the results of low-field NMR, optimal concentrations of PG and PE would significantly increase the gel quality of surimi gel. Nevertheless, a more sufficient method to reflect the relationship of examined samples and the property needs to be established.
Author Contributions
Funding acquisition, B.B.; investigation, Q.C.; supervision, B.B.; writing—original draft, Q.H. and Y.W.; writing—review and editing, Q.H. and B.B., Q.H. and Y.W. were treated as co-first authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai municipality, grant number 1749074222500, and National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 81502955 and 81750110548.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
The authors give a sincere thanks to the College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University for material support. A special thanks to Qi LIN for the moral support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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Figure 1.
Effect of phlorotannins extracts (PE) and phloroglucinol (PG) on the breaking force (A) and deformation (B) of surimi gel. Bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3). Uppercase letters indicated the significant difference (p < 0.05) between different concentrations of PE. Lowercase letters indicated the significant difference (p < 0.05) between different concentrations of PG.
Figure 1.
Effect of phlorotannins extracts (PE) and phloroglucinol (PG) on the breaking force (A) and deformation (B) of surimi gel. Bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3). Uppercase letters indicated the significant difference (p < 0.05) between different concentrations of PE. Lowercase letters indicated the significant difference (p < 0.05) between different concentrations of PG.
Figure 2.
Scanning electron microscopy results of hairtail surimi gel with different concentrations of phlorotannins extracts (PE) and phloroglucinol (PG). (A) control sample; (B) surimi gel with 0.05% PG; (C) surimi gel with 0.3% PG; (D) surimi gel with 1% PG; (E) surimi gel with 0.05% PE; (F) surimi gel with 0.3% PE; (G) surimi gel with 1% PE.
Figure 2.
Scanning electron microscopy results of hairtail surimi gel with different concentrations of phlorotannins extracts (PE) and phloroglucinol (PG). (A) control sample; (B) surimi gel with 0.05% PG; (C) surimi gel with 0.3% PG; (D) surimi gel with 1% PG; (E) surimi gel with 0.05% PE; (F) surimi gel with 0.3% PE; (G) surimi gel with 1% PE.
Figure 3.
The effect on dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of phlorotannins extracts (A,B) and phloroglucinol (C,D) to hairtail surimi gel.
Figure 3.
The effect on dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of phlorotannins extracts (A,B) and phloroglucinol (C,D) to hairtail surimi gel.
Figure 4.
The water relaxation time of hairtail surimi gel with different concentrations of phloroglucinol (PG) (A) and phlorotannins extracts (PE) (B).
Figure 4.
The water relaxation time of hairtail surimi gel with different concentrations of phloroglucinol (PG) (A) and phlorotannins extracts (PE) (B).
Figure 5.
Water distribution of hairtail surimi gel with different concentrations of phlorotannins extracts (PE) and phloroglucinol (PG).
Figure 5.
Water distribution of hairtail surimi gel with different concentrations of phlorotannins extracts (PE) and phloroglucinol (PG).
Table 1.
The composition of brown algae extracted by LC-TOF-MS.
| Number | Retention Time/min | m/z | Average Molecular Weight | Chemical Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.620 | 182.96170 | 182.64745 | |
| 2 | 2.628 | 124.99404 | 124.38192 | |
| 3 | 2.647 | 101.00841 | 100.37207 | |
| 4 | 2.657 | 110.00857 | 109.35370 | |
| 5 | 2.690 | 112.96627 | 112.07419 | |
| 6 | 2.720 | 198.93934 | 198.38203 | C4H6OS4 |
| 7 | 2.721 | 116.98560 | 116.00102 | |
| 8 | 2.729 | 128.94901 | 128.02619 | C4OS2 |
| 9 | 2.734 | 328.89734 | 328.38389 | C10H4N2OS5 |
| 10 | 2.737 | 458.85542 | 458.34203 | C13H2N2O7S5 |
| 11 | 2.742 | 474.83270 | 474.04785 | |
| 12 | 2.744 | 214.91687 | 213.99547 | C9HCl3 |
| 13 | 2.746 | 344.87480 | 344.02586 | |
| 14 | 2.746 | 140.91655 | 139.98820 | |
| 15 | 3.179 | 256.04484 | 233.19057 | C9H7N5O3 |
| 16 | 3.183 | 421.11386 | 420.30871 | C13H20N6O8S |
| 17 | 3.187 | 302.04970 | 301.19281 | C11H11NO9 |
| 18 | 3.190 | 329.18305 | 328.33031 | C14H24N4O5 |
| 19 | 3.195 | 405.13736 | 404.63680 | C22H28OS3 |
| 20 | 3.199 | 345.1552 | 344.48908 | C17H28O3S2 |
| 21 | 3.2 | 172.09316 | 171.15199 | C11H24N6O4S |
| 22 | 3.22 | 337.16384 | 336.30625 | C8H5N5O |
| 23 | 3.226 | 188.05795 | 187.14249 | C14H28N2O4S |
| 24 | 3.234 | 321.18461 | 320.64899 | C6H13N3OS2 |
| 25 | 3.271 | 208.05698 | 207.04968 | C8H6ClN5O |
| 26 | 3.277 | 224.0342 | 223.56814 | C14H21ClN6O4 |
| 27 | 3.281 | 373.13822 | 372.7625 | C8H7N5O5S |
| 28 | 3.352 | 286.02447 | 285.20045 | C17H26N2O3 |
| 29 | 3.361 | 307.20102 | 306.34703 | C11H24N6O4S |
| 30 | 3.361 | 270.04693 | 269.46882 | C9H19NS4 |
| 31 | 3.368 | 208.05658 | 207.21412 | C5H9N3O6 |
| 32 | 3.369 | 158.09690 | 157.15869 | C11H11N |
| 33 | 3.433 | 224.03409 | 223.49965 | C8H6ClN5O |
| 34 | 3.437 | 373.13812 | 372.74777 | C13H25ClN2O8 |
| 35 | 3.445 | 172.09212 | 171.15013 | C4H9N7O |
| 36 | 3.448 | 337.16171 | 336.31311 | C13H24N2O8 |
| 37 | 3.451 | 188.05770 | 187.1416 | C8H5N5O |
| 38 | 3.503 | 321.18443 | 321.28052 | C16H30Cl2N2 |
| 39 | 3.528 | 235.07545 | 234.48632 | C9H10N6S |
| 40 | 3.529 | 251.05280 | 250.17086 | C8H6N6O4 |
| 41 | 3.821 | 166.10571 | 165.19649 | C6H15NO4 |
| 42 | 3.870 | 194.13675 | 193.27074 | C8H19NO4 |
| 43 | 3.932 | 307.20089 | 306.32947 | C17H26N2O3 |
| 44 | 4.099 | 150.17505 | 149.23387 | |
| 45 | 4.143 | 337.16147 | 336.30020 | C14H20N6O4 |
| 46 | 4.291 | 307.20132 | 306.34264 | C17H26N2O3 |
| 47 | 4.914 | 176.12795 | 175.23936 | C8H17NO3 |
| 48 | 4.914 | 194.13837 | 193.23043 | C8H19NO4 |
| 49 | 5.809 | 303.18921 | 302.29168 | C10H22N8O3 |
| 50 | 8.410 | 123.05531 | 122.12213 | C6H6N2O |
| 51 | 9.828 | 260.14681 | 237.31662 | C10H23NO5 |
| 52 | 10.798 | 194.13863 | 193.24705 | C8H19NO4 |
| 53 | 10.816 | 324.24887 | 323.39376 | C14H33N3O5 |
| 54 | 10.816 | 411.31749 | 410.31017 | C18H42N4O6 |
| 55 | 10.825 | 455.34358 | 454.61986 | C20H46N4O7 |
| 56 | 10.825 | 352.24382 | 351.41140 | C15H33N3O6 |
| 57 | 10.827 | 238.16453 | 237.30869 | C10H23NO5 |
| 58 | 10.827 | 176.12787 | 175.25413 | C8H17NO3 |
| 59 | 10.832 | 368.27506 | 367.46745 | C16H37N3O6 |
| 60 | 10.841 | 499.37012 | 498.6614 | C22H50N4O8 |
| 61 | 11.108 | 102.1278 | 101.18727 | C6H15N |
| 62 | 11.180 | 304.17291 | 281.31975 | C12H27NO6 |
| 63 | 11.181 | 113.03499 | 112.14134 | C4H4N2O2 |
| 64 | 11.324 | 116.07051 | 115.11642 | C5H9NO2 |
| 65 | 11.339 | 200.0885 | 199.18191 | C5H9N7O2 |
| 66 | 11.422 | 314.09103 | 313.32248 | C11H15N5O4S |
| 67 | 11.518 | 136.06170 | 135.12716 | C5H5N5 |
| 68 | 11.632 | 323.16347 | 322.45909 | C13H26N2O5S |
| 69 | 11.680 | 127.05003 | 109.07874 | C5H3NO2 |
| 70 | 12.116 | 116.07110 | 115.12176 | C5H9NO2 |
| 71 | 12.117 | 233.14945 | 232.27569 | C10H20N2O4 |
| 72 | 12.488 | 228.06569 | 227.26876 | C6H9N7OS |
| 73 | 12.496 | 174.05757 | 173.21876 | C7H11NO2S |
| 74 | 12.506 | 172.09389 | 171.15761 | C4H9N7O |
| 75 | 12.992 | 217.10404 | 194.21772 | C8H18O5 |
| 76 | 13.006 | 162.11199 | 161.22416 | C7H15NO3 |
| 77 | 13.008 | 277.17483 | 276.31391 | C12H24N2O5 |
| 78 | 13.135 | 251.05470 | 250.22581 | C12H10O6 |
| 79 | 13.178 | 321.20715 | 320.41285 | C20H24N4 |
| 80 | 13.735 | 321.20217 | 320.36389 | C14H28N2O6 |
| 81 | 13.898 | 133.08577 | 132.16099 | C6H12O3 |
| 82 | 13.900 | 239.14873 | 238.28483 | C10H22O6 |
| 83 | 13.940 | 136.06160 | 135.12835 | C5H5N5 |
| 84 | 13.942 | 298.09683 | 297.30583 | C11H15N5O3S |
| 85 | 14.077 | 109.02839 | 108.07940 | C6H4O2 |
| 86 | 14.357 | 197.11603 | 196.24830 | C11H16O3 |
| 87 | 14.358 | 141.05368 | 140.13538 | C7H8O3 |
| 88 | 14.358 | 179.10562 | 178.20740 | C11H14O2 |
| 89 | 14.359 | 237.10761 | 214.23068 | C7H14N6O2 |
| 90 | 14.359 | 133.10010 | 132.28006 | C10H12 |
| 91 | 14.369 | 172.09028 | 171.25490 | C7H13N3S |
| 92 | 14.507 | 130.15875 | 129.27435 | C8H19N |
| 93 | 14.634 | 283.17414 | 282.32968 | C12H26O7 |
| 94 | 14.637 | 133.08560 | 132.21589 | C6H12O3 |
| 95 | 14.762 | 161.10666 | 160.20811 | C10H12N2 |
| 96 | 14.802 | 375.07051 | 374.30363 | C18H14O9 |
| 97 | 15.243 | 327.20070 | 326.37497 | C11H30N6OS2 |
| 98 | 15.256 | 205.13307 | 204.23334 | C12H16N2O |
| 99 | 15.609 | 205.13317 | 204.24578 | C12H16N2O |
| 100 | 15.779 | 388.25120 | 370.41506 | C12H30N6O7 |
| 101 | 16.179 | 236.16439 | 235.31530 | C14H21NO2 |
| 102 | 16.250 | 432.27712 | 414.47561 | C14H34N6O8 |
| 103 | 16.306 | 330.16396 | 329.38774 | C18H23N3OS |
| 104 | 16.321 | 360.23156 | 359.39133 | C25H29NO |
| 105 | 16.337 | 209.14770 | 208.28387 | C8H20N2O4 |
| 106 | 16.343 | 133.09741 | 132.20609 | C5H12N2O2 |
| 107 | 16.593 | 212.11430 | 211.24952 | C8H13N5O2 |
| 108 | 16.666 | 476.30475 | 458.52634 | C16H38N6O9 |
| 109 | 16.757 | 219.14800 | 218.34457 | C13H18N2O |
| 110 | 16.922 | 207.09448 | 206.25775 | C11H14N2S |
| 111 | 17.042 | 520.33041 | 502.58621 | C18H42N6O10 |
| 112 | 17.070 | 248.14593 | 247.25591 | C7H17N7O3 |
| 113 | 17.301 | 350.23023 | 349.45141 | C16H27N7O2 |
| 114 | 17.384 | 564.35756 | 546.65633 | C21H42N10O7 |
| 115 | 17.699 | 608.38428 | 607.72716 | C23H49N11O8 |
| 116 | 17.733 | 542.25877 | 541.55646 | C23H31N11O5 |
| 117 | 17.799 | 123.11549 | 122.21653 | C9H14 |
| 118 | 17.801 | 207.13640 | 206.28160 | C9H14N6 |
| 119 | 17.828 | 447.09129 | 446.36504 | C21H18O11 |
| 120 | 17.894 | 270.12425 | 269.74843 | C14H20ClNO2 |
| 121 | 18.366 | 321.09245 | 320.28310 | C11H16N2O9 |
| 122 | 18.378 | 219.10016 | 218.36085 | C9H18 |
| 123 | 18.381 | 524.24689 | 506.59667 | C30H34O5S |
| 124 | 18.596 | 588.40820 | 565.78566 | C29H59NO9 |
| 125 | 18.784 | 388.28160 | 387.57821 | C20H33N7O |
| 126 | 18.830 | 135.11497 | 134.24089 | C10H14 |
| 127 | 18.831 | 197.11686 | 196.23207 | C11H16O3 |
| 128 | 18.831 | 133.10030 | 132.20364 | C10H12 |
| 129 | 18.835 | 179.10436 | 178.22762 | C7H10N6 |
| 130 | 18.872 | 384.28912 | 383.56288 | C25H37NO2 |
| 131 | 18.919 | 365.11881 | 364.31631 | C13H20N2O10 |
| 132 | 18.971 | 406.21052 | 405.94931 | C18H32ClN3O5 |
| 133 | 19.134 | 218.20622 | 217.33160 | C8H23N7 |
| 134 | 19.146 | 701.49011 | 700.91185 | C32H68N4O12 |
| 135 | 19.150 | 679.50780 | 678.95367 | C31H66N8O8 |
| 136 | 19.235 | 186.21576 | 185.37423 | |
| 137 | 19.295 | 508.32521 | 507.66241 | C25H37N11O |
| 138 | 19.366 | 538.37259 | 537.69005 | C27H43N11O |
| 139 | 19.380 | 197.11712 | 196.22811 | C11H16O3 |
| 140 | 19.544 | 559.37285 | 558.74173 | C29H42N12 |
| 141 | 19.560 | 242.28420 | 241.44480 | C16H35N |
| 142 | 19.670 | 274.27228 | 273.44389 | C12H31N7 |
| 143 | 19.703 | 318.30000 | 317.50362 | C18H39NO3 |
| 144 | 19.73 | 362.32583 | 361.56617 | C20H43NO4 |
| 145 | 19.879 | 256.25624 | 255.43859 | |
| 146 | 19.886 | 237.14136 | 236.34064 | C13H20N2S |
| 147 | 20.188 | 302.30455 | 301.49885 | C18H39NO2 |
| 148 | 20.229 | 346.33073 | 345.57569 | C20H43NO3 |
| 149 | 20.364 | 337.19662 | 336.42614 | C14H28N2O7 |
| 150 | 20.938 | 386.32592 | 385.57069 | C22H43NO4 |
| 151 | 20.947 | 330.33617 | 329.55028 | C20H43NO2 |
| 152 | 21.010 | 374.36291 | 373.62298 | C22H47NO3 |
| 153 | 21.085 | 301.13816 | 300.28852 | C13H20N2 |
| 154 | 21.088 | 149.02325 | 148.11612 | C8H4O3 |
| 155 | 21.340 | 388.34156 | 387.57253 | C22H45NO4 |
| 156 | 21.389 | 234.96051 | 234.05388 | C9H2N2O2S2 |
| 157 | 21.463 | 415.21075 | 414.49322 | C24H30O6 |
| 158 | 21.466 | 586.29929 | 585.66389 | C28H39N7O7 |
| 159 | 22.618 | 358.36684 | 357.62209 | C22H47NO |
Table 2.
The extraction rate and purity of materials.
| Material | Total Phenol Content/% | Phlorotannins Content/% | Purity/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brown algae dry powder | 7.80 | 6.46 | — |
| Phlorotannins extracts | 34.07 | 25.16 | 73.85 |
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Han, Q.; Wang, Y.; Chu, Q.; Bao, B. Effect of Extracts Derived from Brown Algae (Sargassum horneri) on the Gel Property and Moisture Distribution of Hairtail Surimi Gel (Trichiurus haumela). Foods 2022, 11, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030411
AMA Style
Han Q, Wang Y, Chu Q, Bao B. Effect of Extracts Derived from Brown Algae (Sargassum horneri) on the Gel Property and Moisture Distribution of Hairtail Surimi Gel (Trichiurus haumela). Foods. 2022; 11(3):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030411
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Qiuyu, Yuxin Wang, Qianqian Chu, and Bin Bao. 2022. "Effect of Extracts Derived from Brown Algae (Sargassum horneri) on the Gel Property and Moisture Distribution of Hairtail Surimi Gel (Trichiurus haumela)" Foods 11, no. 3: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030411
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