Bioactive Compounds from Cocoa Husk: Extraction, Analysis and Applications in Food Production Chain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioactive Compounds Extraction from Cocoa Bean Husk
2.1. Microwave-Assisted Extraction
2.2. Water Extraction
2.3. Extraction in Supercritical CO2
2.4. Subcritical Water Extraction
2.5. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
2.6. Conditions and Solvents Optimization
3. Functional Food Containing Cocoa Husk Powder/Extract
4. The Cocoa Pod Husk/Shell Solid Waste after Extraction: Circular Economy Concept?
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Extraction Method | Yield (w/w) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cocoa pod husk | |||
Pectin | Aqueous citric acid (4% w/v) followed by precipitation of extract using ethanol | 23.3% | [7] |
Pectin | Water, citric acid (2.5, 4 pH), and hydrochloric acid (2.5, 4 pH) | 7.62% | [8] |
Pectin | Nitric acid, pH 1.5, 100 °C of extraction temperature, and 30 min of extraction time | 9.0% | [9] |
Pectin | Oxalic acid + microwave radiation condition at pH 1.16, L/S = 25.0 and 15 min. of irradiation time | 9.64% | [10] |
Pectin | Ascorbic acid-based extraction, pH 2.5, 95 °C, for 45 min | 4.2% | [11] |
Theobromine rich extract | 70% ethanol, extraction time of 90 min, temperature of 80 °C, and 1 cycle of extraction | Theobromine yield (6.79 mg/100 g) | [12] |
TPC, total flavon-3-oles, and total carotenoids content | Supercritical fluid extraction, particle size less than 0.26 mm, extraction time of 147 min, extraction temperature of 308.15 K, pressure of 20 MPa, and 20% ethanol | TPC (35.11 EAG mg/g), a total flavan-3-oles content (12.89 EEP mg/g) and total carotenoids content (64.35 EBC mg/g) | [13] |
phenolics and alkaloids | Heat-stirring assisted extraction (HSE) or ultrasound probe assisted extraction was used along with deep eutectic solvents | ultrasound (3 min, 200 W) Des (lactic acid:ChCl) was found superior in extracting the compounds (chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theobromine) compared to HSE | [14] |
Pectin | Subcritical water extraction | 121 °C, 103.4 bar, and 30 min | [15] |
Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total flavanols, total phenolic acids, total proanthrocyanidins, total ortho-diphenols, and antioxidant activity | Heat-assisted extraction, 100 °C, 90 min, 0% citric acid, and 0.02 g cocoa shell/mL of water | UPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed the presence of 15 phenolic compounds, being protocatechuic acid, procyanidin B2, (−)-epicatechin, and (+)-catechin, the major ones | [16] |
Total phenolic content and total catechin content | MAE, absolute ethanol, 70 °C, 3:100 g/mL, 8 and 10 min | Total phenol content (TPC) and total catechin content (TCC) | [17] |
Cocoa bean shell | |||
Flavonoids and alkaloids | Pressurized liquid extraction | Lyophilized extract showed higher flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2) and alkaloid (theobromine, caffeine) content as compared to the dried cocoa shell powder extract | [18] |
Polyphenols and polysaccharides- pectin-based films | Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) | obtained biofilm prepared by pectin-cocoa bean shell extract-ZnO/Zn nanoparticle showed greater UV and oxygen barrier properties | [19] |
Anthocyanin | MAE, particle size (60 mesh), sample to solvent ratio (0.0625 w/v), extraction time (10 min), and microwave power (450 W) | 1.435 mM | [20] |
β-sitosterol | MAE, absolute ethanol, 70 °C, 500 W, and 10 min | 3546.1 mg/100 g | [21] |
Flavonoids | Ultrasound-assisted extraction under 80% ethanol, 55 °C, for 45 min | TFC = 7.47 mg RE/g dw | [22] |
Protein, polysaccharide, and polyphenols | MAE, 5 min of extraction time, pH of 12, 97 °C of temperature, and sample to solvent ratio of 0.04 g/L | Pectin-based films | [19] |
Fat and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) | Supercritical CO2, 6000 psi, 313 K, 90 min | 94.73% (which is most effective extraction), while for caffeine the extraction yield is about 90% | [23] |
Dietary fiber | High-voltage electric discharge | Increased fiber content | [24] |
Polyphenols and methylxanthines | Subcritical water extraction, temperature 170 °C, time 75 min, sample to solvent ratio 1:20 | theobromine, caffeine, theophylline, gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and total phenols | [25] |
Polyphenols and methylxanthines | Subcritical water extraction, 150 °C with extraction pressure of 30 bar for 15 min | that whey protein protects the phenolic content resulted in higher content of gallic acid, caffeine, and theobromine as compared to maltodextrin | [26] |
Alkaloids | MAE was performed using DES | Theobromine (2.502–5.004 mg/g) and caffeine (0.778–1.599 mg/g) | [27] |
Dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds, and methylxanthine | Particle sizes were considered, i.e., high (Dp > 701 um), intermediate (417 um < Dp < 701 um) and lowest (Dp < 417 um) | Dietary fiber (65.58 g/100 g), polyphenolic compounds (epicatechin, 6.33 mg/g; catechin, 4.58 mg/g), and methylxanthine (theobromine, 12.77 mg/g; caffeine, 6.13 mg/g) | [28] |
Phenolics | Combined effect of supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction | TPC values from 35 to 51 mg GAE/g and EC50 values from 115 to 177 µg/mL | [29] |
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Belwal, T.; Cravotto, C.; Ramola, S.; Thakur, M.; Chemat, F.; Cravotto, G. Bioactive Compounds from Cocoa Husk: Extraction, Analysis and Applications in Food Production Chain. Foods 2022, 11, 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060798
Belwal T, Cravotto C, Ramola S, Thakur M, Chemat F, Cravotto G. Bioactive Compounds from Cocoa Husk: Extraction, Analysis and Applications in Food Production Chain. Foods. 2022; 11(6):798. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060798
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelwal, Tarun, Christian Cravotto, Sudipta Ramola, Monika Thakur, Farid Chemat, and Giancarlo Cravotto. 2022. "Bioactive Compounds from Cocoa Husk: Extraction, Analysis and Applications in Food Production Chain" Foods 11, no. 6: 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060798