Sociocultural Factors Influencing Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Human S. suis Serotypes and Sequence Types in Southeast Asia
3. Burden and Impact of S. suis Infection in Southeast Asia
4. Contamination of S. suis in the Pork Supply Chain
5. Sociocultural Aspects of Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asian Countries
5.1. Thailand
5.2. Vietnam
5.3. Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
5.4. Indonesia
5.5. Other Countries in Southeast Asia
6. Risk Assessment of Food Safety and Consumption of Raw Pork Dishes
7. Policy Implications
8. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Serotype | Clonal Complex | Sequence Type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thailand | 2 | 1 | 1, 11, 105, 126, 144, 298, 337 | [4,5,6,7,9,16], https://pubmlst.org/organisms/streptococcus-suis (accessed on 3 January 2022) |
25 | 25, 102, 103, 380, 381, 395, 515, 516 | |||
28 | 28, 382 | |||
104 | 101, 104, 391, 392, 393, 512, 513, 514 | |||
233/379 | 233, 379, 1656 | |||
1687/1688 | 1687, 1688 | |||
Singleton | 236 | |||
4 | 94 | 94 | ||
5 | 221/234 | 221 | ||
Singleton | 181, 235 | |||
9 | 16 | 16 | ||
14 | 1 | 11, 105, 127 | ||
24 | 221/234 | 221, 234 | ||
31 | 221/234 | 221 | ||
Vietnam | 2 | 1 | 1, 105, 107, 144, 159, 160, 161, 325, 326, 869, 951 | [3,17], https://pubmlst.org/organisms/streptococcus-suis (accessed on 3 January 2022) |
14 | 1 | 1, 105 | ||
16 | 106 | |||
Indonesia | 2 or 1/2 | ND | ND | [18] |
The Philippines | ND | ND | ND | [19,20] |
Malaysia | ND | ND | ND | [21] |
Cambodia | 2 | ND | ND | [22] |
Singapore | ND | ND | ND | [23,24,25] |
Laos | ND | ND | ND | [1] |
Country | High-Risk Dishes | Description | Related to Human S. suis Infections |
---|---|---|---|
Thailand | Loo | Raw pig’s blood soup combined with a spice mixture and served with raw pig’s kidney, raw pork, crispy deep-fried noodles, and kaffir lime leaf. | Yes |
Larb Dib | Minced raw pork mixed with seasonings, roasted rice, and vegetables. Sometimes, blood may be mixed with the minced raw pork. | Yes | |
Leuxd Plaeng or Tiết Canh | Raw blood pudding mixed with cooked pork and offal products, together with crushed peanuts and chopped herbs | Yes | |
Naem (synonym: som moo, naem maw, chin som) | A red-colored, semi-dry, fermented minced raw pork and pork skin sausage. | No report yet | |
Vietnam | Tiết Canh | Raw blood pudding mixed with cooked meat such as pork and offal products, together with crushed peanuts and chopped herbs. | Yes |
Lao PDR | Larb Dib | Minced raw pork mixed with seasonings, roasted rice, and vegetables. | No report yet |
Indonesia | Lawar | Minced pork mixed with raw pig’s blood and vegetables. | Yes |
Komoh | Fresh pig’s blood and Balinese herbs soup. | Yes |
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Kerdsin, A.; Segura, M.; Fittipaldi, N.; Gottschalk, M. Sociocultural Factors Influencing Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia. Foods 2022, 11, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091190
Kerdsin A, Segura M, Fittipaldi N, Gottschalk M. Sociocultural Factors Influencing Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia. Foods. 2022; 11(9):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091190
Chicago/Turabian StyleKerdsin, Anusak, Mariela Segura, Nahuel Fittipaldi, and Marcelo Gottschalk. 2022. "Sociocultural Factors Influencing Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia" Foods 11, no. 9: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091190
APA StyleKerdsin, A., Segura, M., Fittipaldi, N., & Gottschalk, M. (2022). Sociocultural Factors Influencing Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia. Foods, 11(9), 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091190